Organic Chemistry 1 - crude oil + combustion, alkanes, alkenes and addition polymers

Strong electrostatic attraction between two positive nuclei and shared pairs of electrons

Only non-metals

Only the outer shell

A family of compounds which: - all share the same general formula - all share a functional group so have similar chemical properties (e.g the way they react) - have trends in physical properties (e.g boiling points, colour, viscosity) - each member differs by a -CH2-

A mixture of hydrocarbons

Two or more substances that aren’t chemically bonded together

A compound consisting of only hydrogen and carbon

• crude oil is heated and vaporised • the vapour is pumped into the bottom of the fractionating column, which is hotter at the bottom than at the top (has a temperature gradient) • fractions rise up fractionating column and condense at a height where the temperature is lower than their boiling point • fractions are pumped out of the fractionating column

Bitumen, fuel oil, diesel, kerosene, gasoline, refinery gas

Used for road surfacing/ tarmac

Fuel for ships

Fuel for cars/lorries/trains

Fuel for planes

Fuel for cars

Fuel for household cooking and heating

• boiling point increases as you go down the fractionation column • this is because the molecules are larger (longer hydrocarbon chains) • larger molecules have stronger intermolecular forces • more heat energy is needed to overcome these forces • so these substances have higher boiling points • bitumen has the highest bp so doesn’t even evaporate and is directly piped as a liquid

• viscosity of fraction increases as you go down the fractionating column • this is because the molecules get larger with longer chains • larger molecules have stronger forces of attraction so they don’t flow as easily • so these liquids become thicker and harder to pour

• colour gets darker as you go down the fractionating column • this is because the molecules get larger and more complex • larger molecules absorb more light so the colour becomes stronger • so the fractions lower down the column look darker

A fuel is a substance that, when burned, releases heat energy

When a substance burns in sufficient oxygen

When a substance burns in insufficient oxygen

hydrocarbon + oxygen => carbon dioxide + water

hydrocarbon + oxygen => carbon + water OR hydrocarbon + oxygen => carbon monoxide + water

• carbon (C) • carbon monoxide (CO) • carbon dioxide (CO2) • water (H2O)