Enzymes (2)
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What do enzymes do?
Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions
Define a biological catalysts
A substance that increases the speed of a reaction without being changed of used up in the process
What are 3 effects of increasing the temperature of an enzyme?
It requires a lot of energy It damages the cell It speeds up non-useful reactions
What is the average temperature of a human body
37-40°C
What happens when the temperature of an enzyme gets too high
Enzyme gets denatured
What is another name for an enzyme
A biological catalyst
Describe how an enzyme is structured
Enzymes are made by living organisms, they are large proteins with long chains of amino acids. The chains are then folded into unique enzymes that catalyse reactions
What do chemical reactions do
They break down a substrate or multiple substrates into products
What is starch broken down to
Sugars
What breaks down lactose
Lactase
What Is the lock and key mechanism
It’s when the substrate fits perfectly into the active site
What is an enzyme substrate complex?
It is when the substrate fits perfectly into the active site of an enzyme (aka lock and key mechanism)
What substance usually end in -ase (give an example)
Enzymes. Lactase Amylase
What substance usually end in -ose (give an example)
Sugars. Glucose Lactose
What are 2 factors that can effect the activity of an enzyme
Temperate pH
Why do high temperatures effect the structure of an enzyme
High temperatures start to break the bonds holding the enzyme together. This causes the active site to change and can no longer bind to the substrate as its shape has changed
What does pH measure
Acidity and alkalinity
What happens as pH levels increase
the rate of reaction decreases
What happens to the bonds when pH levels increase
The bonds holding the enzyme together start to break changing the active site of the enzyme making it no longer able to bind with the substrate
What process produces energy for cells
Cellular respiration
What 2 main substances is required to produce ATP
Oxygen Nutrients
Name 4 uses of the energy stored in the ATP
Contraction of muscles Active transport of molecules Building large molecules like proteins Cell division
Where does the process of aerobic respiration happen
In the mitochondria
Name 3 ways yeast is used commercially
Making of wine Making of beer Baking bread