Task 2 - POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

Set of ideas that form the baseground and organize political action

Ideas overlap and form bigger ideas rather than being multiple single ones

• Liberalism • Conservatism • Socialism

Ability to reinvent themselves

• Individualism • Liberty

• Individual in the centre • Construction of a society in which individual can develop the best evrsion of themselves • Equality of opportunity: All individuals as equals • Morally neutral: Every individual can make their own moral decision

• Top priority • Arises from desire and right to behave the way they please • Everyone should enjoy liberty to the extent that does not harm others

First purely economic (classical and industrial) - Condemns all forms of state intervention - Linked with the invisible hand From 19th century onwards : Social capitalism - Favored welfare reforms and economic intervention more

• More sympathetic towards state intervention • Big government • Recognition that industrial cap generated forms of injustice • Keynes insight

• Centre pillars: Market and individual • Goal: No state intervention • Unregulated market capitalism • ‘nanny state’: Culture of dependence undermines freedom • Individual responsibility • Entrepreneuralism

• Tradition • Pragmatism

• Respect for established virtues • Trust in old institutions • Reflects accumulated wisdom of past • Sense of historical belonging

• Abstract principles mistrusted • Reliance of experience, history • No ideology -> “attitude of mind”

• Human imperfection (pessimism) Corrupt Roots for crime -> Strong state, strict laws and penalties • Organicism Society = living entity Community as more than individuals Shared values and common culture • Hierarchy Essential and not root for conflict (Society bound my mutual obligations and duties) • Authority Comes from above Ensures cohesion • Property Sense of what is theirs Ability to reflect themselves from outside

• Consistent with: Organicism, hierarchy and duty • Blend of market competition and gov regulation (pragmatic approach to econ policy • One nation

-> departure in conservative thought amounting to a counter-revolution against state intervention and the spread of liberal/progressive social values • traced to keynes failure

• Restore authority Guarantees social stability and generate discipline and respect • Traditional values: Family, region and nation • Generation of cohesion and civilization • Enemy: Permissiveness • Scepticism of multiculturalism Inherently conflict-ridden

• Community • Equality (as a value) - Goal: Eradication/reduction of of econ and social inequalities

• Humans linked by existence of a common humanity • Individual identity coined by being part of groups • Brotherhood:Cooperation and collectivism

• As opposed to equality of opportunity • Essential guarantee of cohesion and social stability • Material benefits distributed on basis of NEED (satisfaction of basic needs)

• Origins - As reaction against industrial capitalism - Linked to working class - Goal: Abolish capitalist economy, replace it w socialist society • From late 19th c - Reformist socialist tradiiton - Gradual integration of working classes into capitalist society Improvement of wages and conditions • During much of 20th c - 2 rival camps: Revolutionary socialists: Communists Reformist socialists: Embraced social democracy, fundamentalist principles (common ownership, central planning, redistribution

• Balance btw market and state, individual and community • Compromise (acceptance of capitalism) • Concern for the underdog • Welfarism, redistribution and social injustice (humanize capitalism through state intervention)

Anarchism Fascism Feminism Green ideology Cosmopolitanism Populism