Chapter 14
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What are the physical properties given by the OH group
Volatility Boiling point Solubility
How does the OH group affect the boiling point
Alcohols have weak London forces and strong hydrogen bonds More energy needed to overcome hydrogen bonds
Volatile definition
Alcohols are less volatile than alkanes Volatile - evaporates easily
How are hydrogen bonds formed
Électronégative oxygen draws electron negativity away from hydrogen to create partial charges H+ attracts o- on neighbouring molecules
Why are alcohols more soluble than alkanes
They have oh groups that can form hydrogen bonds with water
What is the relationship of adding carbons on the solubility and boiling point
More carbons Less influence from oh Bp and solubility become more similar to alkane
What reactions can alcohols participate in
Combustion Oxidation Dehydration Halogénation
Combustion
Alcohol + oxygen = co2 + h2o
What is the oxidising Reagent that primary and secondary alcohols are oxidised by
Acidified potassium dichromate with sulfuric acid K2cr2o7- h2so4
How does the solution change when oxidised
Cr2 ions are reduced to cr3+ ions Changes from orange solution to green solution
Oxidation of alcohols into aldehydes
Dilute H2So4 Distillation Gently heat primary alcohol With acidified K2Cr2O7 Distil our of mixture as it forms
Alcohols into carboxylic acids
Dilute H2So4 Reflux Strongly heat alcohol With excess acidified K2Cr2O7 Reflux reaction mixture Any intital aldehyde undergoes oxidation as well
Alcohols into ketone
Secondary Dilute H2So4 Reflux Heat alcohol under reflux with acidified K2Cr2O7
Halogénation Alcohols + hydrogen halide = haloalkanes
Reflux Concentrated H2So4 Mix alcohol with Na halide and concentrated H2So4 And heat under reflux NaBr + H2So4 —> NaHSo4 + HBr
Alcohol dehydration
Catalyst concentrated H2So4 Reflux Heat alcohol under reflux in presence of H2So4 catalyst