Carbonyls
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What is a carboxylic Acids Functional Group
-COOH C=O and C-OH
Explain a Carboxylic Acids Solubility
C=O, C-O and O-h are all polar bonds and therefore are attracted to the polar elements within water molecules Acid Groups can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. due sufficient polarization of the O-H bond, Delta positve Hydrogen forms a weak bond with lone pair on a waters oxygen.
What are the intermolecular forces in Carboxylic acids
Hydrogen Bonds in the solid State Very Strong Permanent Dipole Dipole due to large electronegative differences VDW
What are Esters? How are they Formed ? Functional Group? General Formula?
Formed from carboxylic acids and alcohols RCOOR’ C=O C-O-C
1
propyl ethanoate
How do you name esters
Starts with the group that has replaced the hydrogen on the carboxylic acid. Then alcohol part eg. Propyl for Propanol Then Eg. Ethanoate (from carboxylic acid) eg. Butyl Propanoate
Name the Physical properties of esters (2)
Sweet Smelling (usually similar to fruits) Volatile liquids
What are some of the uses of an ester
Flavourings, perfumes solvents and plasticiser
What are some common natural esters
Fats and oils
Draw the Polarisation of a carboxylic acid
1
Write an Equation for the Equilibrium formed by ethanoic acid in Solution
What happens to the negative charge on the ethanoate ion in terms of electrons
Electrons delocalise so the negative charge is shared across the whole carboxylate group
How do you distinguish Carboxylic acids from other -OH containing Compounds? Write Equation
1) Add NaHCO3 (sodium hydrogen carbonate) or Na2CO3 Sodium Carbonate Acids will produce Sodium salt, water and carbon dioxide Can recognise carbon dioxide emissions from effervescence
Write and equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with NaOH
1
What Catalysts are needed for the formation of esters from alcohols and carboxylic acids
Strong Acid
Which alcohol forms the esters that make up animal and vegetable oils
Glycerol/ propane-1,2,3-tirol
What is the difference between an oil and a fat
Oils are liquid esters at room temperature fats are solids esters Fats are usally saturated oils are usually not
What are the Products of hydrolysing fats and oils? (NaOH)
Propane-1,2,3 tirol and sodium salts of the acids that make the ester (hydrolysed NaOH)
What is the use of the sodium salt of an ester How does the product do this?
Soaps (carboxylate ion) Long hydrocarbon non polar chain attaches to dirt The polar COO- end is polar and is soluble in water This allows dirt to be removed more effectively then water alone
What are the common uses of glycerol
Prevents the drying out of creams Solvents in Medicine and food items such as food colouring Plasticising materials
How do you make Biodiesel General Equation and Conditions What is Biodiesels functional group
NaOH Catalyst 60 Degrees Lipids (fats/oils -esters) + 3 CH3OH —> 3 Methyl esters + Glyserol Biodiesel - R-CO2CH3 R is a fatty acid
What is transesterfication
Conversation of 1 ester to another
What Crops are used to make BioDiesel
Rapeseed or soybean oil
How is the reaction mixture of Biodiesel Purified and separated How is Biodiesel production a problem
Centrifuge then Add acid to neutralise excess alkali catalyst. Solid Salt/Soap forms which is removed by filtering. Crops used to create food are being used to create fuel