M4 B7 Organic Synthesis
No description yet. This curated deck is ready for daily study.
Card preview (22)
What are the conditions and reaction for: Alkane to haloalkane
• Radical Substitution (Initiation, propagation, termination) • UV light/ radiation
What are the conditions and reaction for: Alkene to haloalkane
• Electrophilic Addition (Either of a halogen or a hydrogen halogen (H-X)) • Conc H2SO4/ H3PO4
What are the conditions and reaction for: Alcohol to alkene
• Conc H2SO4 • High temps • Dehydration
What are the conditions and reaction for: Alkene to alkane
• Hydrogenation (H2) • Nickel catalyst
What are the conditions and reaction for: Haloalkane to alcohol
• Nucleophilic substitution • NaOH • Reflux
What are the conditions and reaction for: Alcohol to haloalkane
• Sodium Halide • Conc H2SO4
What are the conditions and reaction for: Alkene to alcohol
• H2O (g) • H3PO4
What are the conditions and reactions for: Primary alcohol to an aldehyde
Reagent: Acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) / concentrated H2SO4 Conditions: Distillation
What are the conditions and reactions for: Primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid
Reagent: Acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) / concentrated H2SO4 Conditions: Reflux
What are the conditions and reactions for: Secondary alcohol to a ketone
Reagent: Acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) / concentrated H2SO4 Conditions: Reflux
Why is it called a Quickfit apparatus?
It is designed to fit together and provide a good seal
What is reflux?
The continuous evaporation and condensation
What are anti-bumping granules for?
To ensure boiling is smooth (doesn’t rattle the whole system)
In reflux, what parts of the condensing tube does water go in/ out of? (top/bottom?)
Water in- bottom Water out- Top Explanation: This is to ensure it remains cool- the water running through the tube first will be cooler than the water leaving, so colder water is at the bottom of the tube
What is the distillation method used for?
To separate a pure liquid from impurities
In distillation/ reflux, the round bottom flask is heated to a boil, which liquid will boil first? (volatility)
The liquid with the lowest bpt will boil first as it is the most volatile.
Purification of an organic compound: Why do we use a separating funnel?
To separate the inorganic layer from the aqueous layer (look at densities
Purification of an organic compound: If we use an acid catalyst, why do we add sodium carbonate solution (aq)?
To neutralise any acid present
Purification of an organic compound: Why do we use an anhydrous salt?
To dry the organic layer
Purification of an organic compound: Why do we distil/redistill the product after adding anhydrous salt?
To purify the product
Purification of an organic compound: If we use an acid catalyst, we add sodium carbonate solution (aq) Why do we need to release the stopper frequently when doing this?
Carbon dioxide gas is produced as the products are formed, it builds up pressure and needs to be released.
Purification of an organic compound: What are some examples of anhydrous salts we can use when drying the product?
(anhydrous) - Calcium chloride - Calcium sulphate - Magnesium sulphate