Exam 2

Nature has its own innate value in and of itself that does not rely on any input from human value - the right to exist

The value something has because of the goods and services we can get from nature The most common framework for environmental politics and economics

The value that stems from nature is because of the personal connections, sense of place, cultural identity, and relationships it creates Some things that lead to relational valuing include personal reasons, social responsibilities, education, history, biophilia, and aesthetics

The benefits that come from natural, healthy environmental cycles

Makes attempts to put a monetary value on ecosystem services for society to understand their importance

These are resources that are harvested and used directly

consumed on a smaller scale, mainly for small, social groups like hunting or fishing for food

meant for commercial use - like being sold in markets

Benefits we get from the environment without having to take from it

Leaving the environment alone for the sake of preserving the option for using it in the future - keeping a rainforest protected b/c it could have a lifesaving medication that has yet to be discovered

a value assigned by humans who appreciate something without having used it - an economic concept that is more human-focused, instead of acknowledging something’s importance because of its right to exist

The goal of meeting current needs without depleting resources for future generations

Belief that all people deserve fair treatment and meaningful involvement in the decision-making process when it comes to the environment - recognizes that environmental injustices often fall and burdens marginalized communities

A hidden cost that comes as the aftereffect of damaging the environment and contributes to global climate change - negative impact that comes from a business practice THAT IS PAID FOR BY THE PUBLIC AND NOT THE BUSINESS - London’s “Great Smog”

Supporting: Foundational processes that make the rest possible Provisioning: Tangible goods that we get from the ecosystem Regulating: benefits from the regulation of natural processes Cultural: Non-material benefits that enrich our lives

turns supporting services to provisioning

The total energy created by photosynthesis

The leftover energy available to higher tropic levels after the plant used what it needed

Loss of fertile, organic-rich topsoil reduces the land’s long-term productivity, smothers aquatic life, and the ability to support plant life

Different species use resources in different ways. This allows for more species to coexist and a wider, more efficient use of resources

measurable characteristics of an organism that influence its survival and how it interacts with its environment

Some species work in tandem to fix each other (think the 3 sisters crops)

In a diverse community, there is a higher chance that there is a really well-performing species that dominates and drives ecosystem functions - for example, a plant species may be a really good competitor, but since it can fix nitrogen, it drives ecosystem functions

A diverse environment creates more space between hosts for specific diseases and non-host species - instead of having 3/5 hosts that can transmit the diseases, there are 3/10, this decreases the amount the disease can spread (this is a form of biological control)