Alcohols
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State 3 essential conditions for the conversion of glucose into ethanol. Justify these conditions
-yeast Speeds up rate of reaction, so contributes to low cost -anaerobic / absence of oxygen/air Temperature range from 30-40 degrees Celsius Optimum temp for enzyme to work Too high = enzyme denatures Too low = reaction rate too slow
Equation for fermentation
C6H12O6 —> 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
What is dehydration?
Elimination of water from a compound
Conditions for dehydration of ethanol
Concentrated H2SO4 or concentrated H3PO4 as a catalyst High temps around 300 degrees Celsius
Equation for acid-catalysed dehydration of ethanol
CH3CH2OH —> H2C=CH2 + H2O
Test to distinguish between 2-methylpropan-2-ol and butan-1-ol
acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution -butan-1-ol turns it from orange to green -no visible change for tertiary alcohols
Advantage of using ethanol as a fuel compared with using a petroleum fraction
sugar/glucose/ethanol is renewable OR ethanol does not contain sulfur-containing impurities OR ethanol produces less pollution / is less smoky / less CO/C
Define biofuel
Fuels made from plants, hence renewable
Why is fermentation of sugars considered carbon-neutral?
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 (photosynthesis) C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH +2CO2 (fermentation) 2C2H5OH + 6O2 -> 4CO2 + 6H2O (combustion)
What does carbon-neutral mean?
If the production and use of the fuel has no net effect on the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere