Digestion And Absorption
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HCL
Begins digestion of protein in stomach
Gastrin
Hormone released in stomach to stimulate gastric secretions and motility
CCK
Released from duodenum when fat enter Causes contraction of gallbladder releasing bile Stimulates pancreas
Secretin
Hormone released from duodenum Stimulates flow of pancreatic juice bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme and water Inhibits gastric acid secretion
GLP1 and GIP
Hormone released from the intestine in presence of glucose and fat Stimulates insulin synthesis and release
Foods that slow gastric emptying
High fat and complex cho (esp soluble fibers)
These foods empty at about the same rate from the stomach
Carbohydrate and protein
Gastric emptying usually takes
2-6 hrs
Most digestion is completed by
The middle of the jejunum
Vitamins synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine and used by GI mucosal cells
Vitamin k B12 Thiamine Riboflavin
Pepsin
Enzyme in stomach that begins digestion of protein
Branched chain amino acids
Valine, leucine, isoleucine
Exercise releases what amino acid from muscle to be converted to glucose?
Alanine
Nitrogen balance equation (measures body equilibrium)
(protein intake g / 6.26) - [(urinary urea nitrogen +4) / urinary urea nitrogen]
Net protein utilization equation(determines quality of protein in foods)
(N intake - N output) / N intake
Essential amino acids
TV TILL PMH threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lycine, phenylalanine, methionine, histadine
Anabolism of protein: hormones
Pituitary growth hormone, thyroid, insulin, testosterone
Protein catabolism: hormonal control
Glucocorticoids(adrenal steroids) - stimulate gluconeogenesis
End products of fat metabolism
Monoglycerides Dilglycerides Glycerol Fatty acids
What fat products are absorbed directly into portal blood?
Glycerol Short chained fatty acids
What fat products are combined with Bile salts to form micelles?
Mono- and diglycerides Long chained fatty acids These are then bound to protein to form lipoproteins (chylomicron), penetrate intestinal mucosa, travel through lymph into the thoracic duct into the blood
What is found in all cells and is important to cell structure? Some is absorbed with bile salts. Excreted by liver as bile
Cholesterol
Enzyme that absorbed most cholesterol
Cholesterol esterase
2 Metabolic activities of fat:
Lypogenesis - energy storage; adipose tissue and liver Liver should not store fat - choline produce lipoproteins to transfer fatty acids out of the liver