EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
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Define homeostasis
The condition of equilibrium in the bodys internal environment
What does AFFerent mean
AWay from control centre
What does EFFerent mean
Towards control centre
Describe the pathway of homeostasis
Regulated variable Sensor Control centre Effector
What happens to regulated variables when you get ill
They can get reset eg temp gets reset and you get a fever
What is negative feedback
Acts to reduce an effect
Give an example of negative feedback when your cold
Feel cold Shiver to trigger heat production Return to normal level
What is positive feedback
Acts to increase an effect
Give an example of positive feedback in ovulation
Ovulation between days 12-14 Oestrogen provides positive feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland causing rise in oestrogen production in ovaries Leads to ovulation
What are feedforward loops
Are physiological responses in anticipation of a change in a variable
Give an example of a feedforward loop
Heart rate increases prior to a running race
What is a reflex
Requires knowledge from an integrating centre and a circuitry that connects the receptor and the effector
What are local homeostatic controls
Are highly significant because they allow individual parts of the body to self regulate their responses
How do cells communicate
Direct contact Neighbouring cells through gap functions Cell surface proteins trigger a response Short distance release of chemicals (paracrine signalling) Long distance release of chemicals (endocrine signalling)
How much does the brain weigh
1.5kg
What can primates do with neurones
Pack them The neurones don’t increase in size when the brain does allowing you to pack neurones
What happens to the brain as your body size increases
The brain also increases
how many neurones in the brain
86 billion
how much % of cardiac output is directed to the brain
15-20%
How much of total energy does brain consume
20%
What makes up the nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
What makes up the CNS
Brain Spinal cord
What makes up the PNS
Nerves Ganglion
What happens if you damage the CNS
It doesn’t regrow as encased in a bone structure