principles of chemistry

fixed shape and volume cannot be compressed

no fixed shape, but take the shape of their container fixed volume can flow cannot be compressed

no fixed shape, but take the shape of their container do not have a fixed volume, but take up the volume of their container can flow can be compressed

have a regular arrangement are tightly packed, particles are touching each other vibrate about their position have strong forces of attraction holding them in position

have no regular arrangement are tightly packed, particles are touching each other move randomly at different speeds do not move far as they frequently collide with other particles have weaker forces of attraction compared to solids

have no regular arrangement move randomly at different speeds, but much faster than liquids have very weak forces of attraction compared to solids

Applying thermal energy to a solid substance will result in it eventually becoming a liquid

when liquid turns into gas

The process of applying thermal energy to a liquid to obtain a gas is called

turning gas into liquid, by cooling a gas

turning liquid into solid by further cooling the liquid

from solid to gas

the kinetic energy of the particles determines which state of matter a substance exists in. As the temperature of a substance increases, the average kinetic energy of the particles is increased and this can affect the physical state and properties of the material.

As heat is added to the gas, the temperature of the gas increases. This makes each particle move faster and further, but still in random directions. It increases the distance between the particles, so the volume the gas occupies increases as the temperature increases.

In a gas, the particles exert a pressure on the walls (or sides) of any container in which they are held When you increase the pressure of a gas at a fixed temperature, the volume of the gas decreases

diffusion is the movement of the particles from the area of high concentration to the area of lower concentration. We describe this as moving down the concentration gradient

The greater the mass of the molecules, the slower the molecules move at any given temperature. At any given temperature, all substances have the same average kinetic energy. Therefore, lighter molecules need to have a greater velocity than heavier molecules.

element- made of only one type of atom, cannot be further broken down compound-elements within cannot be further seperated, made when two or more elements chemically bond in a reaction mixtures-made when elements or compounds are mixed with each other, substances within are not chemically bonded together, can be easily seperated

good conducters of electricity and heat, usually high melting point, malleable, ductile

bad conducters of electricity and heat, usually low melting point, not malleable,brittle

stopwatch

thermometer

mass balance

burettes, volumetric pipettes, measuring cylinders and gas syringes