Alcohols
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What can alcohols be oxidised to form?
• Aldehydes • Ketones • Carboxylic acids The products formed depend on the classification of the starting alcohol: primary, secondary, or tertiary.
What reagent is commonly used for the oxidation of alcohols?
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) K2Cr2O7/H+ This reagent acts as an oxidising agent in the oxidation process.
What color change occurs when potassium dichromate(VI) is reduced?
Orange to green This color change indicates that oxidation has taken place.
What is formed when a primary alcohol is oxidised?
Aldehyde Further oxidation of the aldehyde can lead to the formation of a carboxylic acid.
What is formed when a secondary alcohol is oxidised?
Ketone Secondary alcohols do not oxidise further to carboxylic acids.
What is formed when a tertiary alcohol is oxidised?
No reaction Tertiary alcohols are resistant to oxidation.
What new bond is formed during the oxidation of alcohols?
Carbonyl C=O This bond formation is a key feature of the oxidation process.
What are the reverse reactions of oxidation called?
Reductions Reductions will be discussed later in the context of alcohol chemistry.
What do alcohols form when they react with H2SO4 and a sodium halide?
haloalkanes The reaction occurs under reflux conditions with H2O and NaX where X = F, Cl, Br, or I.
The OH group of alcohols is not a very good _______.
leaving group To facilitate substitution with a halide ion, the OH group must be converted into a better leaving group.
To make the OH group a good leaving group, we must protonate the alcohol using _______.
H2SO4 Protonation converts the OH group into H2O*, which is a good leaving group.
What is produced when the alcohol is protonated by H2SO4?
H2O* H2O* can then be replaced by a halide ion to form a haloalkane.
The halide ion nucleophile is provided by a _______.
sodium halide (NaX) The halide ion (X-) replaces the H2O* to form the corresponding haloalkane.
In the substitution reaction, the halide ion replaces _______ to form haloalkanes.
H2O* This reaction results in the formation of haloalkanes and water.
What does dehydration mean in the context of alcohols?
To remove H2O from a molecule Dehydration is a chemical process that involves the loss of water.
Which agents can be used to dehydrate alcohols?
• Concentrated H2SO4 • Concentrated H3PO4 These are common dehydrating agents used in organic chemistry.
What is the organic product formed from the dehydration of alcohols?
An alkene The dehydration process converts alcohols into alkenes through the elimination of water.
What is the reaction condition for dehydrating alcohols?
Reflux Reflux is a technique used to heat a reaction mixture while preventing the loss of volatile components.
What is the mechanism called that describes the dehydration of alcohols?
ELIMINATION This mechanism involves the removal of elements from the molecule to form a double bond.
In the dehydration of alcohols, what is lost from the carbon atom?
OH The hydroxyl group (OH) is eliminated along with a hydrogen atom from an adjacent carbon.
Fill in the blank: In the dehydration of alcohols, water is _______.
eliminated The process results in the formation of a double bond by removing water.
What does dehydration mean in the context of alcohols?
To remove H2O from a molecule Dehydration is a chemical process that involves the loss of water.
Which agents can be used to dehydrate alcohols?
• Concentrated H2SO4 • Concentrated H3PO4 These are common dehydrating agents used in organic chemistry.
What is the organic product formed from the dehydration of alcohols?
An alkene The dehydration process converts alcohols into alkenes through the elimination of water.