1. into to organic

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of an element in a compound

the actual number of each atom of an element in a compound

minimal detail showing arrangement of atoms in a molecule

all the atoms and cov. bonds present in a molecule

simplified organic formula showing on carbon skeleton and functional groups

alkyl groups branching off the main c chain. you need numbers to indicate the position

a series of compounds containing the same functional group. they have: - the same chemical properties and - a trend in physical properties - they increase by a ch2 group every time - they have the same gen formula

C=C C-OH C-X C=O and a H on the C too lol (in formula it’s CHO

C=O COOH C triple bond N C-NH2

c acids aldehyde ketones alcohols alkenes haloalkanes f group with higher precedence takes the suffix and the lowest C in chain. if an alkene was also with a c acid since c acid takes suffix it becomes eg butenoic acid (-en-)

take the e off stem alkane eg butane alcohol butanol

keep the -e on the alkane stem dioic acid nitrile diol eg hexane diol hexane-2,3-diol

same molecular formula but different structural formula • chain • position • f group

same m formula diff structures of c skeleton / chain length

same m formula different position of same f group on same c skeleton

same m formula, atoms arranged into diff f groups

same m/s formula different 3d spatial arrangements of atoms geometric + (optical but that’s a level) optical - molecules have the same molecular formula but a different spatial arrangement of atoms in space. It occurs when there is an asymmetrical carbon within an organic molecule known as a chiral centre. Chiral carbons have four different groups bonded to them

on physical properties bc molecule can be polar or not due to the atomic arrangement. so could have D-D IMF making forces maintaining m/BP higher

alkenes and cycloalkanes aldehydes and ketones alcohols and ethers (f group C-O-C) c acids and esters (f group r-c double bond o, o-r)

alkenes that have 2 diff atom groups on each C C=C has limited rotation so atoms are arranged differently in space

priority groups are opposite for E , on the same side for Z determine using cahn-ingold-prelog rules: 1. look at atomic numbers on atoms attached to C in C=C 2. you’re comparing groups on same C against each other. Therefore consider groups joined to rhs or lhs c in c=c 3. no totalling 4. winner gets priority 1. The atom with the highest atomic number is (state which) so the (state which) group takes priority 5. If Both groups contain carbon (to say, the same atom as first consideration) you consider atoms 1 bond further away 6. Evaluate their atomic number: The atom with the highest atomic number is (state which) so the (state which) group takes priority 5. priority 1s on same side -> Z

mechanisms

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Stereoisomer demarcation if geometric - e or Z