MODULE 3

Steps of Transcription (3) ____ occurs when enzyme in RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. DNA unwinds and enzyme can now read the bases. ____ addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand ____ it detaches from DNA, mRNA strand is complete afterwards

Who coined the term Central Dogma which explains the flow of genetic information?

Types of strand (2): ANTISENSE strand - SENSE strand -

COOKBOOK = CHEF = RECIPE = INGREDIENTS = PIZZA =

START codon

STOP codon

____ coding for a protein

Considering there are millions of base pairs in a chromosome. How many bp in a gene?

____ aims to make an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence. A process where RNA molecules are synthesized from DNA templates. It makes a protein-coding gene, the RNA Copy, or ____ which carries the information needed to make a ____ unit

Where does transcription occur for eukaryotes? Where does it occur for prokaryotes?

Transcription is catalyzed by the enzyme ____ for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes It needs three major components for the process:

_____ a stretch of DNA that encodes an RNA molecule and the sequences necessary for its transcription. It has (3)

_____ a DNA sequence that initiates and TRANSCRIPTION APPARATUS recognizes and binds. Determines the DNA strand to be read as template + the direction. _____ a sequence of DNA nucleotides copied into an RNA molecule _____ a sequence of nucleotides that signals where transcription is to end. Transcription stops when it is copied to RNA

What is the substrate for transcription? Nucleotides are added where?

What kind of structures forms in RNA for termination?

TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASE: RNA polymerase I - located in the ____, which ___ is transcribed processed and assembled into ___. RNA polymerase II - located in the ____, and synthesizes all ____ RNA polymerase III - located in the ___, transcribes ___ and ____

Differences between bacterial and eukaryotic transcription • DNA exists as _____ which is why it must be opened • Bacteria have ___ RNA pol only • Bacteria have ___ which recognizes and binds directly to promoter • In eukaryotes, promoter recognition is carried out by ____ which bind to the promoter. • Eukaryotes have extra ____ many kilobases away from the transcription start site

_____ Term for any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription in eukayotic cells There are two types: ____ General factors that participate in the transcription-initiation complex ____ Specific factors that stimulate or repress transcription of particular genes by binding to the regulatory sequences

_____ consensus sequence in the promotor region of eukaryotic genes that binds to a general transcription factor. ____ The basal transcription factor that binds to the TATA box.The transcription factor that specifies the position at which transcription is initiated.

_____ Protein complex that moves histones out of the way of the DNA template. It will replace them again later.

What do you add to pre-MRNA? ____ protects mRNA in the cytoplasm and helps in the attachment of mRNA with ribosome for translation. It is made up of a ____(____) ____ with the process of ____ it signals the end of mRNA, it has a lot of Adenine bases. Helps with the stability. ____ is when sections of INTRONS are removed and the EXONS stuck together by ____ or a complex____

Steps of pre-mRNA splicing (3) The ____ loops out as ____ bind together to form a ____ The ___ is ___ and the ____ are spliced together The resulting ____ can then exit the ___ to be translated in the cytoplasm

Termination of RNA chain synthesis is brought about by two type of mechanisms: _____ also called ____ is a mechanism that causes mRNA transcription to be stopped. The mRNA has a sequence that can base pair with itself to form a ____ structure of ___ in length that is rich in ____ This is what causes the hairpin structure with ____ nucleotides in the 2nd inverted repeat and then a string of ____ nucleotides after the hairpin

_____ where more than one mRNA can be made from the same gene