cells + division
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advantage of tem rather sem
allows internal structures within cells to be seen
advantage of sem rather than tem
creates 3D images
cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation
homogenise cells to break open cells filter to remove cell debris place into ice cold, isotonic, buffer solution ice cold to reduce enzyme activity to reduce damage by enzymes, buffer solution to keep constant pH prevent enzymes denaturing centrifuge at lowest speed, remove supernatant and place into next test tube centrifuge at higher speed
what synthesises proteins what modifies protein what does aerobic respiration
RER/ribosomes golgi mitochondria
explain appearance of chromosome
two sister chromatids attached by a centromere, dna replication has occured
why push hard downwards not sidewards (root tip squash)
to make thin layer of cells so light can pass through, downwards would cause cells to roll over each other, may break chromosomes
how is anaphase shown?
two sister chromatids being pulled apart to opposite poles centromeres of chromatids being pulled apart
how do bacteria replicate
• by binary fission • dna replicates • cytoplasm divides
explain what is occuring (CO)
crossing over has occured between homologous chromosomes
how to prepare root tip mount
place root in hydrochloric acid to halt cell division stain root tip macerate tissue with mounted needle press down coverslip firmly