Option C

Any bodily movement produced by contraction of skeletal muscles that substantially increases energy expenditure. (Everyday activities, habits)

A subcategory of leisure-time physical activity in which planned structured and repetitive bodily movements are preformed to improve and maintain one or more physical fitness

An activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against on another (Competitive)

Can be divided into two components, health and skill related Health> Cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, flexibility Skill> agility, balance, coordination

A disease associated with physical inactivity

coronary heart disease: Blockage in coronary arteries. Overtime your arteries can become clogged up with fatty substances,cholesterol, etc. therefore, the arteries of the the heart cannot deliver enough oxygenated blood to the heart. Stroke: occurs when the blood supply to brain is cut off, blood clots from in blood vessels in the brain, cutting off oxygen. FAST> Face: Paralised face, can’t smile or more Arms: can’t lift or keep up arms Speech: Slurred, garbled, can’t take Hypertension: when the blood pressure of blood vessels is too high due to narrow blood vessels because of plaque build up obesity: Excess body fat to the point in which health is compromised. BMI> overweight is over 25 obese is over 30 Can lead to: type 2 diabetes, coronary heart dieses, cancer breast or bowel, stroke Type 2 diabetes: When sugar (glucose) levels are too high in the blood, bodys ability to produce/respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine. Can cause chronic issues with the nervous and circulatory and immune system. Osteoporosis: when bone mass density and bine mineral density is low. condition that weakens bones, making them fragile a more likely to break ↳ Losing bone is normal with age but for some people it can lead to osteoporosis

High income countries have large coronary heart disease and stroke death. Access to cheaper food and more office jobs…., can take bus to school instead of walking People in physically active jobs (ticket person, construction) have lower risk of hypokinertic diseases than those in a sedentary job (office)

Increased motor vehicles > less physical activity so increase hypo kinetic diseases Fast food> unhealthy lifestyles and poor diet so increase in hypokinetic diseases changes include the proliferation of motor vehicles, changes in employment and working patterns, changes in diet such as the rise of fast food

how blood transfers through heart and how blood supplies itself Right coronary arteries (is on the right side and above right ventricle) Circumflex artery ( left side and kinda above left atrium) Left anterior descending artery ( left side kinda above left ventricle, descending) left and right coronary arteries, circumflex artery, left anterior descending artery coronary circulation refers to the circulation of blood within the blood vessels of the heart muscle ↳ ensures that the heart muscle receives an adequate blood supply for its metabolic needs

Hardening of the arteries due to accumulation of plaque (cholesterol and other substances) in the walls of the arteries, damaging and blocking them, restricting blood flow

• Cig smoking • Hypertension (high blood pressure) • High cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (low density lipoprotein) • Diabetes • Obesity • Physical inactivity • Age ( over 50 higher risk) • Gender (more men prone at younger age than women) • Ethnicity (American Indian 1.5 x more prone than white poplulation) • Family history

Several of the risk factors apply to multiple cardiovascular diseases, so increased likelihood of hood of having multiple Having a cardiovascular disease accumulates to having multiple Eg> obesity leads and comes from physical inactivity which, if continues, will also lead to osteoporosis

Having a physically inactive lifestyle leads to higher likelihood of hypokinetic diseases Hypokinetic diesease such as obesity and type 2 diabetes and hypertension are all risk factors (causes) of cardiovascular disease.

BMI (body mass index) - greater than 25 overweight - greater than 30 obese Waist girth - Measuring size of waist • 88 cm obese women • 102 cm obese men

• cardiovascular disease • hypertension • type 2 diabetes • osteoporosis (joint pain, swelling and stiffness, limiting movement) • respiratory problems • Some cancers (bowel cancer)

Energy balance is affected mainly by food intake, resting metabolic rate, and physical activity Positive energy balance - more energy is consumed as food than is expended by a person through physical activity Negative energy balance- more energy is expended by the person through physical activity than is consumed through food

• Hormones (leptin) are produced by the stomach and small intestine after eating and by adipose tissue • These pass to an appetite control center in the brain that regulates the feeling of hunger and satiety

Type 1 diabetes- an autoimmune disorder resulting in the destruction of insulin producing cells of the pancrease , usually manifests in young people Type 2 - a dièses of insulin resistance, particularly in skeletal muscles, and is highly related to obesity and older age.

• Obesity • Physical inactivity • A diet in high saturated fats • Family history • Age (older people more prone)

• Blindness • Kidney disease • Nerve damage • Cardiovascular disease

Bone density increases from birth to around 35-45 years of age Typically females achieve a lower peak bone density than males From 35-45 years of age bone density decreases

In males- - 30% of hip fractures occur in males - osteoporosis effects 1 in 8 men over the age of 50 - Greater peak bone mass than women Females- - effects 1 in 3 women over the age of 50 - typically achieve a lower peak bone density

• Loss of independence • development of secondary complications • long-term hospitalisation • pneumonia

• lack of dietary calcium • cig smoking • slim build (ectomorphy) • lack of estrogen associated with early menopause and female menstraul disfunction • Phsycial inactivity