4.1 - Covalent bonding
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what happens when non-metal atoms bond
they share pairs of electrons to get a full outer-shell
how many times does N always share
3 times
how many times does O always share
2 times
what molecules contain double pairs
oxygen carbon dioxide
what molecule contains a triple pair
nitrogen
what is covalent bonding
the electrostatic attraction between protons in two nuclei and a shared pair of electrons between them
what do the shared pair of electrons do to the nuclei of atoms in covalent bonding
pull the nuclei of the atoms together
what type of attraction is covalent bonding
very strong attraction
what is a simple molecule
a small group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
what are between the molecules in simple molecules
although they contain very strong covalent bonds there are weak intermolecular forces between the molecules when they boil the weak IMFs break
what happens to the strengths of the weak IMFs as molecular mass increases
the strength also increases which results in the boiling point increasing
what does electrical conductivity require
charged particles that can move freely
are there charged particles in a simple molecular substances
no
do simple molecular substances conduct electricity
no never because molecules are neutral
what is C60 fullerene
a unique simple molecule of sixty carbon atoms in a ball
why is the boiling point of C60 fullerene low but not as low as other molecules
because of its high molecular mass
why is C60 fullerene a soft and slippery solid
the molecules can roll over each other easily
why is C60 an electrical insulator
the molecules are neutral
what is diamond
a form of pure carbon arranged into a giant lattice in which every C makes 4 covalent bonds, tetrahedral shape and has a strong gird-like arrangement
why does diamond sublime at a very high temperature
covalent bonds are very strong there are lots of bonds in the giant lattice lots of energy is required to break all the bonds
what is diamond used for
cutting because it is one of the hardest substances
why is diamond one of the hardest substances
covalent bonds are very strong there are lots of bonds in the giant lattice lots of energy is required to break all the bonds
can diamond conduct electricity
no because there are no freely-moving charged particles - all the atoms are neutral and all the electrons are stuck inside an atom or bond
what is graphite
a form of pure carbon arranged into a different giant lattice - in which there are layers of hexagons of C atoms every C makes 3 covalent bonds weak intermolecular forces between layers delocalized electrons inside each layer