Diversity Unit Test

• Non-vascular plants • Seedless-Vascular plants • Gymnosperms • Angiosperms

-No vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) -small and low to the ground -found in moist environments -no roots instead they have root-like structures called rhizoid -reproduce through spores examples: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

-Has vascular tissue (xylem, phloem) -depends on water for fertilization -tall found on land -reproduce through spores Examples: ferns

-“naked seeds” no fruit -reproduce using seeds -depends on wind for pollination -produce separate male and female cones -female cone produce ovules which develop into seeds examples: conifers pines

-flowering plants -most dominant plants on earth -seeds enclosed in a fruit -reproduce using flowers -Broad leaves (increase surface area for photosynthesis) examples: -flowers -tomatos

-evolved from green algae -earliest land plants -These plants had to stay small and grow in moist environments to survive

-425 million years ago evolved vascular tissue allowing the plant to grow taller and transport nutrients more effectively

-These plants introduced seeds which protect and nourish the embryo this allows for reproduction without water

because the sperm literally has to swim to the egg so if it is dry reproduction fails, while angiosperms and gymnosperms have pollen tubes that delivers the sperm (sperm is carried inside pollen and lands near the female part to grow a pollen tube then sperm meets egg through travelling through tube directly)

-flowering plants evolved and quickly became the most diverse plant group -fruits enclose the seeds and protects them

• Sporophyte (2n) –> Makes spores • Gametophyte (n) –> Makes gametes (sperm/egg)

yes

Sporophyte (2n) ↓meiosis Spores (n) ↓ grow Gametophyte (n) ↓sperm+ egg fertilization ↓zygote (2n) ↓ sporophyte repeat!

diploid organisms in plants that produce spores

sacs or vessels found on the sporophyte that protect spores until maturity

specialized haploid cells that disperse and grow into new organisms

• Mature sporophyte (2n): the plant produces sporangia, which contains spore cells • Meiosis: inside the sporangia the diploid spore cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores • Spore release: the sporangia releases the spores into the environment

The mature gametophyte produces male and female gametes (sperm/egg) through mitosis (because the gametophyte is already haploid so if it did meiosis the chromosome number would get cut in half again which doesn’t work, so it uses mitosis to keep haploid cells haploid) -not meiosis- using specialized structures called gametangia

-the gametophyte which is the main plant you see produce sperm and egg cells -when rain is present and its moist the sperm physically swims to the egg for fertilization -a zygote is then formed and grows into a sporophyte -the sporophyte produces spores -spores are released and grow into new gametophytes

gametophyte stage

1.The sporophyte (the main plant you see) produces spores (often on the underside of leaves). 2.Spores are released and grow into a small gametophyte. 3.The gametophyte produces: Sperm Eggs 4.With water present, sperm swim to the egg → fertilization. 5.A zygote forms and grows into a new sporophyte.

sporophyte stage

1.Pollination: 2.Fertilization: 3.Seed Formation: 4.Dispersal: 5.Germination:

Pollen (the male gamete) from the anther (the male part of the flower) is transferred to the stigma (the female part of the flower). -This can happen through various agents like wind, insects, birds, or water.