Psychological Explanations: Cognitive Explanations
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What are the two types of cognitive explaination?
• Level of moral reasoning - Cognitive distortion
What is the level of moral reasoning?
Process which an individual draws upon their own value system to determine whether an action is right or wrong
Who proposed the stages of moral development?
Kolhberg
What are the different levels of moral developments?
• Level 1 = pre conventional morality • Level 2 = Conventional morality • Level 3 = Post conventional morality
When does the pre conventional morality stage normally occur?
Up to 9 years old
When does the conventional morality stage normally occur?
9 to adolescence
When does the post conventional morality stage normally occur?
Adolescence +
Finish the sentence: The higher the stage the more….
sophisticated with reasoning
What personality does people with a higher stage tend to have?
• More sympathy • Reasoning depends more on the right of other people • More convectional behaviours
What are different types of convectional behaviours?
Honesty, generosity and non-violence
What did Kohlberg et al (1973) do?
Moral dilemma on criminal offenders and non-criminals
What did Kohlberg et al (1973) find?
Offenders have a more preconventional level whilst non-criminals have progressed to conventional and beyond
How is preconvectional characterised by?
• Need to avoid punishment and gain a reward - Less mature
What did Kolhberg suggest why a criminal may commit a crime based on the stages of moral reasoning?
Offenders only commit a crime if punisment is avoided or gain a reward
What did Chandel (1973) find about the offenders personality?
• more self-centred (egocentric) - less sympathetic
What is cognitive distortion?
Fault, biased and irrational way of thinking that mean we perceive ourselves, other people and the world inaccuracy and negatively
What are two examples of cognitive distortion?
• hostile attribution bias - minimalisation
What is hostile attribution bias?
Judge ambiguous situations/action as aggressive and/or threatening when in reality they may not be
What type of cognitive distortion did Schönenberg and Justye (2014) study?
Hostile attribution bias
What did Schönenberg and Justye (2014) find?
Violent offender more likely to perceive ambiguous facial expressions as aggressive. (Misreading of non-aggressive cues)
What is minimisation?
Downplaying significance of an event or emotion (common strategy when dealing with feelings of guilt)
What types of cognitive distortion did Pollock and Hashmall (1991) study?
Minimalisation
What did Pollock and Hashmall (1991) find?
• 35% of sample of child molesters argued the crime they committed was non-sexual • 36% said the victim consented
Did Palmer and Hollin (1998) support or limit the levels of moral reasoning?
Support