Chapter 1: Science and the Scientific Method
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is an organized body of knowledge that is gained and verified by exact observation and experimentation and organized by logical thinking (Frings and Frings, 1970).
Science
is a perpetual search for an intelligent and integrated comprehension of the world we live in (Cornelius Bernardus Van Niel)
Science
How do we justify scientific knowledge?
Through a series of experimentation and supporting references
a process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation
Scientific Method
way of thinking that is more empirical
Scientific Thinking
way of thinking that is more logical
Critical Thinking
Central Components of Scientific and Critical Thinking
• Using empirical evidence (empiricism) • Practicing logical reasoning (rationalism) • Possessing skeptical attitude (skepticism)
Fields of Science
• Social Sciences • Natural Sciences
studies human relationship
Social Sciences
examples of social sciences:
• Sociology • History • Political Science • Economics
studies physical and biological science
Natural Sciences
studies non-living things
Physical Sciences
examples of physical sciences
• Chemistry • Physics • Geology • Astronomy
studies living things
Biological Sciences
examples of biological sciences
• Zoology • Botany
science of animal’s life
Zoology
science of plant’s life
Botany
The Scientific Method
• Observation/question • Research topic area • Hypothesis • Test with experiment • Analyze data • Report conclusions