Carboxylic Acid And Ester
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What happens when carboxylic acids react with water
They partially dissociate and a carboxylate salt forms
What happens when carboxylic acids react with sodium hydroxide and give the equation
A sodium salt and water is produced R-Cooh +Naoh-> R-COO-NA+ +H2O
What happens when carboxylic acids react with sodium carbonate and give the equation
A sodium salt is produced Co2 and water 2R-COOH(aq)+Na2CO3(aq)->2R-COO-Na+ CO2+H20
How are carboxylate salts converted back into carboxylic acids
By reacting then with an acid HCL R-COO- +H2O==R-COOH + OH-
What is the reaction called when carboxylic acid and alcohols react and give the conditions for the reaction and the products
Esterification Heat under reflux with concentrated H2SO4 Carboxylic acid+alcohol==R-COOR2+H2O
What is estrification an example for
A condensation reaction
What are the 3 things esters can be used for
They can be used a food flavourings as they have a nice smell Plasticizers-they are added to polymers to make them less rigid and more flexible by weakening the intermolecular forces between polymer chains Esters are used as solvents
What is the reaction called when an esterification is reversed
Ester hydrolysis
Give the conditions and products formed from ester hydrolysis and the equation
Heat under reflux with concentrated H2SO4 A carboxylic acid and alcohol are produced R1-COOR2+H2O==R1-COOH+R2OH
What is the issue with ester hydrolysis
It doesn’t undergo completion,and dosent give a very good yield or carboxylic acid or alcohol
What is the reaction called when an ester is heated under reflux with NAOH
Saponification
What is produced in saponification
R1-COOR2+NAOH==R1-COO-Na+ + R2OH A carboxylate salt and alcohol
Why is saponification better that ester hydrolysis
It’s not readily reversible,so it produces a better yield of alcohol and carboxylate
In saponification how is the carboxylate converted into carboxylic acid
By reacting it with an acid RCOO+H+=R-COOH
In acid hydrolysis of fats and oils what are the products that are produced
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
What is the use of glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules
Glycerol is used by the body to make glucose for respiration Fatty acids used to make cell membranes
When fats and oils are hydrolysed commercially in alkaline conditions what is produced
Glycerol and salts of fatty acids
In saponification what is the glycerol produced used for
It’s used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals
What are the salts of the fatty acids used for and why are they useful
As soaps Which have a polar end which attracts water and other hydrophilic groups and a non polar end which attracts oils and hydrophobic groups which allows them to mix
What are biodiesels made out of
Methyl esters of long chain fatty acids
How are biodiesels made and give the reaction name
By fate and oils being reacted with methanol Known as transectrification reaction