3.1 Introduction to Chemistry
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Four ways to make good observations when describing substances in practical work:
• Solid, liquid or gas? • Coloured? Colourless? • Crystalline or powdered? (solids) • Clear or cloudy? (liquids)
Four ways to make good observations when desribing changes during practical work:
• Fizzing? • Has a solid appeared or disappeared? • Colour change? • Unusual sounds/smells?
List the 3 main ways you can tell if there has been a physical change:
• No new substance has been created • Usually easy to reverse • Absorb or release small amounts of energy
List the 3 main ways you can tell if there has been a chemical change:
• New substance has been created • Difficult to reverse • Absorbs or realeases large amounts of energy
Chemical test for water: (also give the colour change)
• Anhydrous copper(ii) sulphate: turns from white to blue. (Tells you water is present, but not how pure it is.)
Physical tests for water: [2 points]
• Melting point (mp) =0*C • Boiling point (bp) = 100*C (Pure water matches these properties more closely)
Define element
A substance containing only one type of atom
Metal properties of an element: [4 points]
• High MP/BP • Electrical conductors • Malleable • Shiny
Non- Metal properties of an element: [4 points]
• Low MP/BP • Electrical insulators • Brittle • Dull
Give the 3 states of matter:
solid// liquid// gas
Name the change from solid to liquid
melting
Name the change from liquid to gas
evaporat(ing/ion)
Name the change from gas to solid
deposition
Name the change from solid to gas
sublimation
Name the change from gas to liquid
condensation
Name the change from liquid to solid
freezing// solidification
List the properties of a solid: [5 points]
• have a fixed volume and a fixed shape • particles are vey close together • particles are arranged in a regular pattern • all particles vibrate around a fixed position • low energy
List the properties of a liquid: [5 points]
• have a fixed volume, but not a fixed shape • particles are close together • particles are randomly arranged • particles move around each other • particles have greater energy
what are the elements in group 1 called?
alkali metals
List the properties of a gas: [5 points]
• have no fixed shape// volume • particles are far apart • particles are randomly arranged • particles move quickly in all directions • particles have high energy
what are the elements in group 2 called?
alkaline earth metals
what are the elements from Sc to Zn called?
transitions metals
what are the elements in group 7 called?
non-metals
what are the elements in group 8//0 called?
noble gase(s)