GCC
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Anthropogenic sources of GH gases
CO2 -burning FF Methane -coal mine ventilation NOx -combustion of FF in car engines CFCs - aerosol propellant gases and refridgerants Tropospheric ozone
Describe the methods that may be used to reduce releases of greenhouse gases by human activities (10)
Named GHG;;; [R carbon dioxide, CFCs (given elsewhere in the paper)] methods to reduce concentrations/emissions;;;;;; max 3 per gas Carbon dioxide energy conservation/change in transport system to reduce fossil fuel use/use of one named non-carbon energy resource named carbon sequestration method [R afforestation] Legislation, eg Kyoto Protocol, UK Climate Change Act Methane reduced use of landfill for waste/more recycling named alternative livestock production/meat consumption changed livestock diet to reduce methane release coal mine and petroleum/natural gas ventilation collection CFCs named alternative material/HFCs/HCFCs/alcohols/HCs named alternative process/pump action sprays/stick deodorants named disposal method/incineration Montreal Protocol NOx energy conservation use of named non-combustion energy resource (only credit each resource once) catalytic converter urea sprays low temperature combustion Tropospheric ozone prevent release of NOx credit each different method but not multiple examples of same method/methods must be linked with a particular gas, except for legislation
Describe the strategies that are being developed to control emissions of named greenhouse gases. (6)
control method for named GHG;;;;;; max 3 for each named GHG control method eg carbon dioxide energy conservation to reduce fossil fuel use use of non-fossil fuel energy resources/renewables/nuclear carbon sequestration/tree planting named regulation/Kyoto protocol/Paris agreement/COP21 methane reduced use of landfill burning of landfill gas burning of coal mine/oil facility gasnamed change to livestock production named change to padi field/rice production named regulation/Landfill Tax oxides of nitrogen increased use of mass transport urea/ammonia sprays catalytic converters named regulation/MOT/congestion charge chlorofluorocarbons named alternative material/alcohol/HC/HCFC/HFC named alternative process/trigger packs/pump action waste CFC incineration named regulation/Montreal Protocol/Vienna convention Tropospheric ozone NOx
Explain why the carbon dioxide concentration fluctuates during each year. (2)
Photosynthesis/respiration/decomposition; correct description of different seasonal rates; [R reference to fossil fuels and combustion] [R respiration if it refers to using/taking up CO2]
Explain why the long-term trend shown by the graph is likely to change global atmospheric temperatures (2)
Increased absorption of IR; [R radiation] (conversion to) heat/temperature rise;
Use the processes that are involved in global atmospheric temperature changes to explain the difference between positive and negative feedback mechanisms. (4)
Positive: increase of original effect; change in named processes; eg temperature increased, increased rate of decay, more CO2 released, temperature increased temperature increased, more forest fires, more CO2 released, temperature increased temperature increased, permafrost melts, more methane released, temperature increased temperature increased, land ice melts, albedo reduced, temperature increased Negative: rebalance/reduce original effect; change in named processes; eg more CO2 released, more photosynthesis, more CO2 absorbed increased temperature, increased evaporation, increased cloud cover, increased albedo/light reflection, decreased temperature
Outline 2 reasons why global climate change may cause sea level to rise (2)
Rising temperatures cause land ice to melt; Heating of water causes anonymous (THERMAL) expansion causing levels to rise
Suggest how coastal areas that are high enough to avoid flooding may still be threatened by sea levels rising. (1)
Increased coastal erosion; Salt water incursion
Explain why it may be difficult for species displaced by a rise in sea leaves to colonise new habitats. (3)
No suitable habitat exists/not able to adapt new environment; No suitable habitat close/ isolated; No biological corridor; Rate of change too fast/ colonisation too slow; Overpopulation/ more competition
Outline the difficulties in predicting global climate change.(3)
Lack of historical data Unreliable proxy data Unpredictability of anthropogenic activity Lack of understanding of natural processes Negative and positive feedback may mask/exaggerate the effect of GCC Regional differences in carbon emissions Natural fluctuations e.g. volcanic eruptions
Describe how a positive feed back mechanism may have contributed to the change in the area of sea ice in the Artic Ocean. (3)
Increase temp increases sea ice melt decreases albedo increases light absorbed increases temp further
Explain what is meant by the term “ tipping point” in climate regulation. (1)
is reached when the changes caused by human activities cause further changes such that the human activities are no longer needed to maintain the changes
Explain how a positive feedback mechanism may affect GCC. (4)
Definition Faster soil decomposition Increased CO2 emissions More IR absorbed Reduced CO2 solubility Increased CO2 in atmos More IR absorbed Melting permafrost/warming sea Increased CH4 emissions More IR absorbed Melting land/sea ice Reduced albedo More sunlight absorbed