Final Exam
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What is bycatch?
any non-target organisms that are caught and then disposed of into the ocean
What is humus?
partially decomposed organic matter
When does smog reach its peak?
early afternoon
What percent of the world’s commercial energy does coal supply?
42%
What is the world’s current population?
8 billion
What is the crude birth rate?
the total number of births per 1,000 people
What percent of the Earth’s water supply is available to us as liquid freshwater?
0.3%
What causes cultural eutrophication in lakes and rivers?
plant nutrients
What is an indicator species?
plants/animals that show something about the environment based on their presence, absence, or scarcity
Throughout the world, what is most water used for?
irrigation
What is energy security?
the ability to secure affordable, reliable, and sufficient energy for a particular country
What is the general approach to pollution that the textbook regularly refers to?
Replace, Regulate, Restore
In the early transitional stage of the demographic transition, what happens first that causes the population to grow?
death rate drops
What percent of total waste comes from municipal sources?
5%
If a country is growing rapidly, what will its population pyramid have?
wide base
In 1965, who presented the phrase “necessity is the mother of invention”?
Ester Boserup
What is subsistence farming?
farming to produce food for your own family and local community with little surplus
What is integrated pest management?
a program that uses a combination of biological, cultivation, and chemical approaches to pest management
What is extensive farming?
farming that is characterized by a low density of crops/animals across a large space
What is a keystone species?
a species whose role in an ecosystem is more important than their abundance
What are the four main components of soil?
mineral particles, organic materials, water, and air
What is an ecocentrist?
a person who believes that nature is the center of the universe and man should serve nature
In an energy transformation, where does some of the energy usually end up?
heat energy that flows into the environment
Which pyramid best explains why there are typically only four to five links in a food chain?
pyramid of productivity