Electrolytes
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The major cation of extracellular fluid is…
Sodium.
___% of sodium is reabsorbed in the kidney tubules.
85.
Reference range of sodium.
135 - 145 mmol/L.
Conditions associated with decreased sodium levels (hyponatremia).
(1) Diabetic acidosis; (2) Diarrhea; (3) Addison’s Disease; (4) Renal tubular disease.
Conditions associated with increased sodium levels (hypernatremia).
(1) Cushing’s syndrome; (2) Dehydration; (3) Hyperaldosteronism (increased renal reabsorption); (4) Insulin treatment of uncontrolled diabetes.
Method used for sodium measurement.
Ion-selective electrode (ISE).
A direct ISE reading of sodium uses a diluted or undiluted sample?
Undiluted.
A indirect ISE reading of sodium uses a diluted or undiluted sample?
Diluted.
Pseudohyponatremia is defined and caused by…
Pseudohyponatremia an a false decrease of sodium levels that is caused by high levels of triglycerides or protein. ↑↑ protein/triglycerides; ↓ sodium.
The major cation of intracellular fluid is…
Potassium.
Reference range of potassium.
3.5 - 4.0 mmol/L.
What preanalytical factors may cause a false increase in potassium (pseudohyperkalemia)?
(1) Hemolysis; (2) EDTA contamination.
Hypo- or hyperkalemia may cause what conditions?
Heart arrhythmias and/or neuromuscular symptoms.
Hypokalemia conditions include…
(1) Insulin injections; (2) alkalosis; (3) GI losses (vomiting or diarrhea); (4) Hyperaldosteronism; (5) Cushing’s syndrome.
Hyperkalemia conditions include…
(1) Diabetic acidosis (metabolic); (2) Intravascular hemolysis; (3) Severe burns; (4) Renal failure; (5) Addison’s disease.
Testing method for potassium…
Ion-selective electrode.
Major anion of extracellular fluid is…
Chloride.
The function of chloride is…
Maintains hydration, osmotic pressure, and the normal anion-cation balance.
Reference range of chloride.
98 - 106 mmol/L.
Chloride levels generally trend the same direction as ___.
Sodium.
Hypochloremia conditions include…
(1) Diabetic acidosis (excessive acid production); (2) Chronic pyelonephritis; (3) Prolonged vomiting; (4) Aldosterone deficiency.
Hyperchloremia conditions include…
(1) Prolonged diarrhea (excess bicarbonate loss); (2) Renal tubular acidosis; (3) Adrenocortical hyperfunction.
Testing method for chloride is…
Ion-selective electrode.
Sweat chloride testing is elevated in what condition?
Cystic fibrosis; >60 mmol/L.