alkenes 3.3.4 in paper 2 & 3
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what are structural isomers?
• compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
what are skeletal/chain isomers?
• molecules that have the same molecular formula but have different structural formulae bacause they differ in arrangement of their skeletal carbons.
what are positional isomers?
• molecules that have the same arrangement of skeletal atoms but have different structural formulae because they differ in the position of a substituent.
what are functional isomers?
• isomers that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae due to different functional groups.
what are stereoisomers?
• molecules with the same molecular formula and different arrangment of atoms in space.
how do you do you distinguish E/Z isomers?
• CIP priority rule • highest priority is determined by which atom has the highest atomic number. • Z-isomers have the priority groups on the same side of the double bond. • E-isomers have the priority groups on opposite sides of the carbon double bond.
what are cis and trans isomers?
• cis = same side • trans = opposite side • happens when 2 groups bonded to the carbon are identical.
why do E/Z isomers exist?
• due to the restricted rotation in the carbon double bond.
why would a compound be the major product? 3marks
• its carbocation is more stable than the minor products carbocation • major product is from a tertiary carbocation rather than a secondary carbocation • stability is from a greater positive effect from alkyl groups