Chapter 7
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Define attention broadly.
Mechanisms that restrict or bias processing Attention involves bottlenecks in sensory processing streams.
What are some specific varieties of attention?
• Internal • External • Overt • Covert • Exogenous • Endogenous Each type of attention has unique characteristics and applications.
True or false: Attention can be focused on one sense while ignoring others.
TRUE For example, one can focus on listening while ignoring visual stimuli.
What is divided attention?
Listening to music while studying or driving and texting It involves sharing attention between multiple tasks.
What is sustained attention?
Attention that can be maintained over a long time Examples include watching water boil or TSA agents monitoring bags.
What is selective attention?
Picking stimuli to attend to It is one of the most studied forms of attention.
What does set size refer to in visual search experiments?
Number of items in the display It impacts the efficiency of visual search tasks.
Differentiate between feature search and conjunctive search.
• Feature search: Target has one crucial attribute • Conjunctive search: Target has more than one crucial attribute Conjunctive search is generally less efficient than feature search.
What is the satisfaction of search error?
Concluding after one target is found, thus missing other targets This can lead to incomplete assessments in visual searches.
Define valid cue in the context of attention.
Cue is where you expect it to be It provides advance knowledge about where to direct attention.
What is an invalid cue?
Directs you away from where something will be It can mislead attention and reduce efficiency.
What is inhibition to return?
Harder to go back to the first spot originally attended to This phenomenon affects visual search efficiency.
What is the binding problem in attention?
The challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli to the appropriate object It involves integrating features like color and motion.
What does attenuation theory propose?
Messages from the unattended ear are attenuated, not filtered out entirely This allows important information to break through.
What is feature integration theory?
Basic features can be processed preattentively, but binding features to objects requires attention It explains how we perceive unified objects.
What is a priority map in the context of attention?
A map that combines features to guide attention in a scene It is activated in areas like the lateral interparietal area.
What is scene-based guidance?
Knowledge about scenes that helps find objects within them It relies on implicit rules about typical scenes.
What is gist in visual perception?
The essential or primary character of a scene Gist can be absorbed quickly without focusing on specific objects.
What is change blindness?
Difficulty in detecting changes in a scene It highlights the limits of attention in perception.
Differentiate between early filter model and late filter model.
• Early filter model: Filters information before processing • Late filter model: Filters after processing These models explain how attention selects information.
What is semantic selection criteria?
Criteria that apply to all messages, whether attenuated or not It helps in processing important information.
What is the role of neural mechanisms in attention?
Enhances or alters neural activity when attention is applied There is no single ‘attention cortex’ in the brain.
What is neglect in the context of attention?
Ignoring a side of the visual field or sides of individual objects It often occurs contralateral to brain damage.