Amines And Amides
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Give two ways amines can by prepared
By nucleophillic substitution Reduction from nitriles
What type of amine does reduction of nitrile produce
A primary amine
Give the equation for the production of an primary amine and how it’s formed
R-X+2NH3->R-NH2+NH4(+)X- They will form of ammonia and a haloalkane are mixed in 1:1 ratio
How are secondary amines formed and give the equation
They can be formed by reacting haloalkane and ammonia in a 2:1 ratio (2R-X+NH3->R-NH-R+2HX) Or reacting a haloalkane with a primary amine in a1:1 ratio R1-X+ R2-NH2->R1-NH-R2+HX
How are tertiary amines formed and give the equation
They can be formed by reacting haloalkanes and ammonia in a3:1 ratio (3R-X + NH3->R3N+3HX) Or by reacting a secondary amine in a 1:1 ratio (R1-X+R2-NH-R3->R1-R2-R3N + HX
How are quaternary ammonium salt formed and give the equation
They can formed by reacting haloalkanes and ammonia in a4:1 ratio (4R-X+NH3->[R4N]+X- + 3HX) Or by reacting tertiary amines and haloalkanes in a1:1 ratio (R1-X +R2R3R4N->[R1R2R3R4N]+X-
Give the equation for the reduction of nitriles to form primary amines and name the reducing agent
R-CN+4[H]->R-CH2NH2 LiALH4
What happens when amines are reacted with acids
Alkyl ammonium salts are produced
What determines the strength of a the base
The availability of the lone pair
Give the base order strength in from weakest to strongest state the reason for the increase
Primary amine Secondary amine Tertiary amine The reason for increase in base strength is due to the increase in the number of akyl groups attached on the N atom which increases the electron density on it and it increases the availability of the lone pair
What happens when alkyl ammonium salts are reacted with alkalis and give the equation
They form amines nacl and water Primary ammonium salts-R1-NH3Cl+NAOH->R1-Nh2+NaCl+H2O Secondary ammonium salts-R1R2-NH2Cl+NaOh->R1R2-NH+NaCl+H2O Tertiary ammonium salts:R1R2R3-NHCl+NaoH->R1R2R3-N+Nacl+H2O
What are quaternary ammonium salts used as
Cationic surfactants
What are amino acids
Molecules that contain an amine group and carboxylic acid group
What occurs when amino acids react with sodium hydroxide and give the equation
A carboxylate salt and water are formed R-CHNH2COOH+NaoH->RCHNH2COONa+H2O
In high ph what form do amino acids exist and what firm in low ph do they exist as
In anionic form(negative form) In cationic form in low ph(positive form)
What is a zwitterion
When amino acids undergo an acid base reaction with itself as they have proton donating and accepting group
What is the primary structure of a protein
The sequence of amino acids in a protein
What two things can be formed in the secondary structure
A helix Beta pleated sheets They occur when hydrogen bonds occur between the hydrogen atom on a peptide link can form a bond with a nitrogen or oxygen atom
What 3 bonds occur in the tertiary structure of a protein
Hydrogen bonding Ionic bonding- occurs between -NH3 and COO Covalent bond A
How does tertiary structure form
The form as a result of the interaction between amino acids and it influence the overall shape of a protein
How does DNA form
By condensation polymerisation One oh groups of phosphate
Why bases like phenylamine(contains benzene ring) considered weak based
As the lone pair from the amine group overlaps into the delocalised system so is less available as a result
How can amino acids be located on w chromatrogran
Using uv light and ninhdydrin