Genetics

A Biological process where traits are inherited from one generation to the next.

DNA is a molecule that carries genetic information which is essential for development, growth and the reproduction of all living things. Found in the nucleus and all living cells in our body

The code to the whole set of instructions. Unique for every individual.

DNA is condensed and coiled around proteins called Histones

Tightly packed structures of DNA - Humans have 23 PAIRS of chromosomes. - Each chromosome is a home to specific sections of DNA (Genetic Traits) - We inherit one set of chromosomes from each parent (Total of 46 Chromosomes)

Sex Chromosomes determine whether one is bork as a male or a female. Males are born with and X and Y chromosome Females are born with TWO X chromosomes - Chromosome pair 23 tells us the Sex

The visual organisation of a complete set of chromosomes

Cell > Nucleus > Chromosomes > Histones > DNA > Genome (what makes us us)

A DNA molecule is made of two strands that are connected together by Hydrogen Bonds Each DNA strand is made up of building blocks called nucleotides

Phosphate ~> Sugar ~> Nitrogenous Base

The Characteristics of an organism

Adenine = Thymine Cytosine = Guanine

the nucleotide sequences of each strand run antiparallel to each other (they are the opposite).

A segment of DNA which codes for a particular trait. Codes for a specific Protein. The code tells the body to make specific proteins Gene instructions are encoded through a sequence of nucleotide bases

The gene is split into groups of three called Codons Each Codon tells the body which amino acid to make

Amino Acids are compounds that join together with the help of ribosomes to create proteins.

Used to produce proteins. Uses the same nucleotides except: Thymine is swapped for Uracil Same base pair rules apply (A+U, C+G)

Messenger: Copies the DNA within the nucleus and carries it out to ribosomes to create amino acids

Transfer: Transfers amino acids to the ribosomes so they can be added to the protein chain in order

Reads codon triplets (from the mRNA) and determines which amino acids are needed to create a protein

Is the process where the cell reads the gene instruction or code and triggers action.

• The chromosome for the trait is opened to access the gene, and the bonds between DNA strands are broken. • The base sequence of one strand is copied into an mRNA code (occurs inside nucleus)

• The mRNA code which has been copied moves out of the nucleus to the ribosome. The mRNA code is read, and amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA to create a protein

Series of codon triplets required for the protein