Science - volcanoes, earthquakes

point of Earth’s surface directely above an earthquake’s focus

in an earthquake, the point beneath Earth’s surface where energy release occurs

measure of the energy released by an earthquake

largest layer inside Earth, lying directly above the outer core and that is made mostly of silicon, oxygen, magnesium, and iron

liquid core that surrounds Earth’s solid inner core, and that is made mostly of iron

waves that travel outward from an Earthquake’s focus and cause particles in rocks to move back and forth in the same direction the wave is moving

break in rock due to compression forces, where rocks above the fault surface move upward and over the rocks below the fault surface

waves that travel outward from an earthquke’s focus and move through Earth by causing particles in rocks to vibrate at right angles to the direction of the wave

energy waves that are produced at and travel outward from the earthquake’s focus

device used by seimologists to record primary, secondary, suface waves from earthquakes

scientist who studiesearthquakes and seismic waves

break in rock due to shearing forces, where rocks on either side of the fault suface move past each other with little upward or downward movement

plastic-like layer below the lithosphere

hypothesis proposed by Alfred Wegener that the states that continents have moved slowly to their current locations on Earth

cycle of heating, rising, cooling, and sinking that is thought to be the force behind plate tectioncs

rigid, outermost layer of Earth that is about 100km thick, and is composed of the crust and part of the upper mantle

single large landmass made up of all the continents connected together that broke apart 200 million years ago

surface along which rocks break and move

theory that Earth’s crust and upper mantle are broken into sections that move around on a plastic-like layer of the mantle

theory that magma from below Earth’s crust is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge, flows from the cracks as the seafloor spreads apart and bcomes solid as it cools, forming new seafloor

waves of energy that reach Earth’s surface during an earthquake, travel outward from the epicenter, and move rock particles up and down, and side to side

powerful seismic sea wave that can travel thousands of kilometers in all directions and that begins over an earthquake focus

largest intrusive igneous rock bodies that form when magma cools underground before reaching Earth’s surface

large opening formed when the top of a volcano collapes