Genetics
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animal genetics
study of the DNA code and its contribution to animal performance
animal breeding
selection of animals to be used in breeding for the next generation
genome
the genetic makeup of the whole animal the entire set of instructions
genotype
specific to one or two genes
phenotype
manifestation of the genes • expression of the genotype • genetic and environmental components • “genetic potential” dependent on environment
genes
segments of DNA that can be inherited code for specific proteins made w/in the body central dogma: one gene codes for one protein
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid 2 anti-parallel strands of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate linked together by bonds between purine (A, G) and pyrimidine (C, T) nucleotide bases top strand is the coding strand
karyotype
“a metaphase spread” to look for gross alterations in chromosome shape or number
replication
make copies of DNA
gene transcription
DNA –> mRNA
mRNA translation
mRNA –> protein coded for by that gene stops at stop codons
mRNA
messenger ribonucleic acid single stranded same code as DNA but replaces T w/ U
protein
made of a chain of amino acids
locus
a specific location on a chromosome (gene or specific DNA sequence)
alleles
alternate forms at the same locus
single nucleotide polymorphism SNP
mutation one nucleotide is swapped for another
deletion
a nucleotide is deleted *frameshift mutation
insertion
an extra nucleotide is added *frameshift mutation
frameshift mutation
codon reading downstream is altered
myostatin mutation
causes muscle hypertrophy common in belgian blue breed “double muscle”
inheritance
1 chromosome from each parent transfer of genes from parent to offspring
homozygous
same allele at a given locus
heterozygous
different alleles at a given locus
offspring
arise from fusion of male and female gametes