Chapter 6
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acid rain
rain water that has a pH below 7; caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and other pollutants.
atomic number
the number of protons in the nuclei of the atoms of a particular element; the elements are listed in the periodic table of the elements according to atomic number.
chemical formula
an expression of the elements in a compound and their ratios in which the elements are denoted by their chemical symbols.
chemical symbol
the symbol for one of the 118 elements listed in the periodic table of the elements.
compound
two or more different elements chemically bonded together.
crystal
the atomic structure of a substance held together by ionic bonds, characterized by the orderly arrangement of atoms in a rigid lattice structure.
crystal lattice
the structural frame work in which the atoms are arranged in a crystal.
dissociate
when the ions in a crystal lattice come apart and go into a solution during the process of dissolving.
dissolve
when a solute mixes with a solvent so that the particles of the solute and solvent are mixed together uniformly all the way down to the molecular level.
element
a substance characterized by being composed of atoms all possessing the same number of protons in the nucleus.
heterogeneous mixture
a mixture in which the presents of at least two different substances is visible to the eye, possibly with the aid of a microscope.
homogeneous mixture
a mixture with a composition that is uniform all the way down to the molecular level. also called a solution.
hydrocarbon
any molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms. typically fossil fuels and other compounds derived from them.
isotope
any variety of the atoms in an element, differing in the amount of neutrons in the nuclei of the atoms.
metalloide
a group of seven elements located between the metals and the nonmetals in the periodic table, possessing some properties of both.
mixture
a combination of substances that occurs without any chemical reaction. substances in the mixture retain their own properties and may be separated from one another by physical needs such as filtration and boiling.
molecule
a chemically bonded cluster of atoms; the smallest particle in compounds formed by covalent bonding between nonmetals (including hydrogen.)
the periodic table of the elements
the table listing all of the elements including atomic mass and number.
polar
when the electrons in a molecule are not balanced, so one end or region of the molecule is more positively charged and another region is more negatively charged.
pure substance
an element or compound
solute
a solid liquid or gas that is dissolved into a fluid