C2 The periodic Table

Elements which form positive ions when they react

To form a full outer shell This can be done by losing, gaining or sharing electrons

they lose electrons They don’t have many electrons to remove Electrons are far away from the nucleus so don’t require much energy to be removed

Strong Malleable Good conductors of heat and electricity High boiling and melting points

Dull looking Brittle Aren’t always solid at room temperature Don‘t generally conduct electricity Lower density

A metal hydroxide Hydrogen

The more reactive lower down the group The amount of energy given out increases down the group

White metal salts

Reaction get some more vigourous down the group

Metal oxides

They are more reactive Less dense, strong and hard Low melting points

Typical of a metal Good conductors, very dense, strong, shiny

They can have more than one ion They form coloured compounds Often make good catalysts

As diatomic molecules that are covalently bonded

Less reactive Higher melting and boiling points Higher relative atomic masses

A more reactive halogen will replace the less reactive halogen in a salt This is because a less reactive halogen gains an electron less easily. there is a greater distance from the nucleus to the electron and shielding from the internal energy levels.

Halide

They all have full outer shells so are energetically stable

Colourless gases

Monatomic gases

No as they are inert

They increase as you go down the group

There is an increase in the number of electrons in the atom which means there is greater intermolecular forces

the number of electrons on the outer shell