Module 5
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What are the use of carbohydrates?
Source of energy/stored fuels (glycogen granules) Provide structure to cells and organisms (cellulose in plants, chitin in arthropods) Cell biology -major component cell surface Influence the function of proteins recognition interaction Information molecules
Why are cell surface sugar important
Cell-cell adhesion Bacteria adhesion Virus attachment to host cell Binding of toxin to cell surface
What does gene encodes
Protein, no surgars
What defines monosaccharide
The simplest form of sugar (basic unit of carbohydrates) Aldehyde or ketones that ahve 2 or more hydroxyl groups [C-H2O]n (carbon hydrate)
What are aldose
aldehyde group
What are ketose
ketone
How to define glyceraldehyde
Has a single asymmetric (chiral) carbon atom D- and L- are enantiomers or mirror images
What are the number of carbon atoms monosaccharides can have
More or equal to 3 carbon
What are 3 carbon sugars called
triose
What are 4 carbon sugars called
tetrose
What are 5 carbon sugars called
pentose
What are 6 carbon sugars called
hexose
What are 7 carbon sugars called
heptose
Which monosaccharides are most common
Hexose (6C)
How many asymmetric centers does hexose have?
4, 16 stereoisomers, Most are D isomers
3 most abundant hexose
D-glucose, D-mannose and D-galactose
What are the 2 tetrose aldose
2, Erythrose and threose
What are the 5C aldose
4, Ribose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose
What are the 6C sugars
8, allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose
D-Erythrose
4C, OH like a E
D-Threose
4C, Left then right
D-Ribose
5C, All right side
D-arabinose
5C, Left right right
D-xylose
5C, Cris-cross right left right