Ethanol Production
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How are alcohols produced
By the hydration of alkenes
What type of method is the hydration of alkenes
Industrial method
Give the conditions required for the hydration of alkenes
• Steam • Acid catalyst
What are the conditions required to produce ethanol via the hydration of ethene
• 300C • Pressure at 60atm • Phosphoric acid catalyst
Draw the mechanism for the hydration of ethene
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Give another process by which ethanol can be produced
Fermentation
How is ethene produced?
Cracking of heavy fractions of crude oil
What is the raw renewable material used in fermentation and why is this important
• Glucose • Crude oil supplies will run out and petrochemicals like ethene will become expensive
Describe the industrial production of ethanol by fermentation of glucose and give the conditions
• Exothermic process • Requires enzymes yeast • Anaerobic conditions ( without oxygen) • Glucose produces ethanol and carbon dioxide • Enzyme works best at 30C-40C • Ethanol is separated from the rest of the mixture by fractional distillation • Low-tech, cheap equipment and renewable resources • Fractional distillation for purification takes extra time and money
How does temperature affect the enzyme yeast and the rate of reaction
• Cold temperatures will make the reaction slow • Too hot temperatures will denature the enzyme
Give an example of a biofuel
Ethanol
Why is ethanol described as a biofuel?
• Used as a fuel • Found in countries with low oil reserves (Brazil) • Sugars from sugar cane are fermented and used to produce ethanol • Ethanol added to petrol • Sometimes called bioethanol
What is a biofuel
• A fuel that’s made from biological material that’s recently died
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Biofuels over fossil fuels
Advantages • Renewable energy source we and more sustainable • Carbon neutral based on equations Disadvantages • Petrol car engines will have to be modified to use fuels with high ethanol concentration • Land used to grow crops for fuel, that land can’t be used to grow food
Why can bioethanol production be classed as carbon neutral
• As plants grow, they take in the same amount of carbon dioxide as burning the ethanol you produce from them gives out
Give the three equations and name them that prove that ethanol is carbon neutral
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Why can’t bioethanol be classed as carbon neutral?
Fossil fuels will need to be burned to power the machinery used to make fertilisers for the crops, harvest the crops and refine and transport the bioethanol. Burning the fuel to power this machinery produces carbon dioxide
Biofuel ethanol is purified by fractional distillation. Is this statement correct?
Yes