membrane proteins

channels transporters integrins/adhesins/connexins/claudins receptors enzymes

use facilitated diffusion to move molecules down a concentration gradient use charge to be selective

binding of the ligand causes a shape change solute binding can move into the cell down an electrochemical gradient

solute binds to the transporter causes ATP to bind and be hydrolysed to release energy changes the shape solute can move in against the electrochemical gradient

ATP hydrolysis provides the energy to move molecules against the electrochemical gradient

energy is stored when there is movement of a solute down an electrochemical gradient - used to move another solute down e.g. sodium glucose transporter in intestinal epithelium

co-transports two molecules in opposite directions

co-transports two molecules in synergy

particles bind to the receptor it bends in on itself and invaginates to form a vesicle vesicles can be transported inside the cell

when bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum

mutations in the CFTR means that Cl- is transported outside of the cell which thins mucus secretions bc Na+ and water follow

autosomal recessive