Genes

(hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha) - codes for a protein that plays a crucial role in how cells respond to low oxygen levels (hypoxia). It acts as a transcription factor, regulating the expression of genes involved in processes like angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) and energy metabolism

(Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2), it codes for PD-L2, an immune checkpoint receptor ligand playing a role in immunosuppression and evasion

(Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1), codes for PD-L1, an immune checkpoint receptor ligand playing a role in immunosuppression and evasion

(Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4), codes for CTLA-4, a protein receptor found on T cells that functions as an immune checkpoint, helping to downregulate immune responses. It plays a crucial role in preventing the immune system from attacking the body’s own cells and is involved in the regulation of T cell activation

(Lymphocyte activating 3), codes for LAG-3, which is an immune checkpoint receptor active in T-cell suppression

(Tumor protein p53), it codes for p53, which is critical in regulating the cell cycle, genomic stability, apoptosis, and tumor progression. Over 50% of tumors have TP53 loss, and tumors with TP53 loss are more aggressive than other tumors.

It plays a central role in homologous recombination repair of double-strand DNA breaks and maintenance of genomic stability.

It helps recruit and regulate RAD51 to facilitate homologous recombination repair.

It codes for RAD51, a DNA repair protein

They encode proteins involved in DNA mismatch repair