Psych: Competition and Cooperation
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What is a reward?
A social process that occurs when rewards are given to people on the basis of how their performances compare with the performances of others doing the same task or participating on the same event
What is the definition of social evaluation?
An individuals performance is compared with some standard of excellence, in the presence of at least one other person who is aware of the criterion for comparison
What is the process of compeition?
1) Objective competitive situation 2) Subjective competitive situation 3) Response (Behavioural, physiological and psychological) 4) Consequences (performance and outcome)
What is cooperation?
A social process through which performance is evaluated and rewarded in terms of the collective achievements of a group of people working together to reach a particular goal
What is achievement goal theory?
An individuals experience will be shaped by the way in which they define success and judges their capabilities Task orientation - effort and improvement Ego orientation - outperforming others
What does someone with a high task-orientation consist of?
• Strong work ethic • Cooperation • Persistance in the face of failure • Select challenging tasks • Greater effort • Optimal performance • Intrinsic interest in sport
What are the cahracteristics of someone with high ego-orientation?
• Generally extrinsically motivated • Most likely to burnout or dropout when believe they can’t demonstrate competence • Positively related to cheating in sport • Increases doping likelihood
What person would have high task and high ego orientation?
• Elite athletes • Not maladaptive as long as task-orientation is maintained • drive to master skill and desire to out perform your opponents
What are approach and avoidance goals?
Approach goals demonstrate competence ‘I want to win or improve’ Avoidance goals avoid demonstrating incompetence ‘I don’t want to lose’
How do individuals become task orientated?
• Social experiences • Orientations tend to be stable and enduring starting from early adolescence • Situational factors can lead to switching orientations • Coaches, peers and parents help create a motivational climate?
What is a motivational climate?
a situation-induced environment directing the goals of an action in achievement situation
What are the characteristics of a task-involving climate?
• Focus on self-improvement • Emphasis effort • Support all athletes equally • Encourage collaboration • See mistakes as part of learning
What are the characteristics of a ego-involving climate?
• Focus on outdoing others • Emphasise success • Support only ‘star’ athletes • Encourage comparison • Punish mistakes
What is the way to learn all the categories for each climate?
TARGET T-Task A-Authority R-Recognition G-Grouping E-Evaluation T-Time