Bonding
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What is a dative covalent/co-ordinate bond?
A covalent bond where the pair of electrons originates from one atom.
What two conditions are there for a dative covalent/co-ordinate bond to occur?
The atom donating the pair must have a lone pair, and the atom accepting must have a vacant orbital
What are the 3 main types of bonding?
Ionic, metallic, covalent
An arrow can be used to show a dative bond. What does the direction the arrow is pointing show?
Points from the atom donating to the atom accepting
Between what type of atoms does metallic bonding occur?
metal + metal
What does metallic bonding involve?
Attraction between delocalised electrons and positive ions arranged in a lattice
‘Electrostatic forces between positive ions and delocalised outer electrons’ describes what type of bonding?
Metallic
‘Electrostatic forces of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions’ describes what type of bonding?
Ionic
What is a covalent bond?
Where two atoms share one pair of electrons
What type of bond occurs between a non-metal + metal?
Ionic
What type of bond occurs between two non-metals?
Covalent
What is electronegativity?
The ability of an atom to attract the pair of electrons in a covalent bond
What happens to electronegativity as you go across the period?
Electronegativity would increase as atoms get bigger but similar shielding, therefore stronger nuclear charge and so stronger attraction b/w nucleus and shared pair of electrons
What happens to electronegativity as you go down a group?
As you go down a group, atom size increases and so nuclear charge does as well, but because there is increased shielding there is overall a weaker attraction (less electronegative)
A polar covalent bond occurs when_____?
One atom = more electronegative than the other
What are the 3 main types of intermolecular forces?
Van der Waal’s, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonds
What is the strongest type of intermolecular force?
Hydrogen bonds
What affects electronegativity?
The size of the nuclear charge The size of the atom
What is a polar covalent bond?
When one atom is more electronegative than the other
What is the difference between an induced dipole vs polar molecules?
The dipoles in polar molecules are permanent. These can attract other permanent molecules with dipole-dipole forces
Dipole-dipole bonds occur between what types of molecules?
Polar
State what is meant by a ‘hydrogen bond’
The attraction between a lone pair on a N, O, or F and the slightly positive H on a neighbouring molecule
What type of bonding occurs in NaCl and what is the resulting structure?
Ionic Giant ionic lattice
What are the four kinds of crystal structure?
Ionic, metallic, macromolecular, molecular