T1 M2 Organelles, Energy and App lec

using oxygen as the final electron carrier in the ETC, resulting in the production of water

synthesis of ATP by adding a phosphate group to an ADP molecule

• present in eukaryotic cells • incl the nuclear envelope, and other membrane structures such as the ER, golgi apparatus and plasma membrane surrounding the cytoplasm • perform most lipid and protein synthesis • allows for phagocytosis and exocytosis which involve compartmentalization of things entering and exiting the cell

no because they are likely bacteria that were engulfed by eukaryotes over time and evolved to develop their present function - also they have their own DNA

unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus and have few to no organelles

organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and many membrane bound organelles

process used in plant cells to convert light energy into chemical energy that will get stored in the bonds of carbohydrate molecules - happens in double membraned chloroplast

process used in plant and animal cells to release energy stored in bonds of carb molecules and form ATP - happens in double membraned mitochondria

anywhere from 50 to 1,000,000

• they have their own circular genome • produce enzymes necessary for protein synthesis • about same size and appearance as bacterial cells

states that early eukaryotes became hosts to aerobic and photosynthetic prokaryotes which we now know as mitochondria and chloroplasts – these temporary relationships are permanent and heritable thus they are part of the cell now

• they allow for compartmentalization. ie certain enzymes w like functions can be kept together • also opposing functions can be kept separate • increases membrane surface area

• increases potential metabolic capacity across the membrane

covalent bonds formed b/w monosaccharides (condensation reactions) to form complex sugars - give alpha or beta 1, 4 glycosidic linkages b/w OH groups on C1 and C4 molecules

glucose fructose galactose

sucrose lactose maltose

often storage from of energy starch and glycogen

electron transport chain - present in inner mitochondrial membrane establishes a proton gradient used to produce ATP in mitochondria yields 36 ATP/ 32 idk hopefully this isn’t a question

30

produces energy ex. hydrolysis of ATP

composed of 3 phosphate groups, a ribose sugar and an adenine - cleavage of a phosphate group yields 30.5 kJ/mol ATP

reduction: gaining e- oxidation: losing e-

allows fatty acids from lipids to be broken down into NADH and FADH2 and Acetyl CoA to yield energy

lipids first, then proteins glycerol -> glucose and enters cycle AAs -> pyruvate -> TCA