B1.1 Carbohydrate Chemistry
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What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
C_x(H₂O)_y.
What are monosaccharides?
Single sugar molecules (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose).
State two major functions of monosaccharides.
a) Primary energy source. b) Join to form carbohydrate macromolecules.
What is a disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides joined together.
What is a polysaccharide?
Many monosaccharides joined together.
How are monosaccharides classified?
By number of carbons (e.g., triose = 3C, pentose = 5C, hexose = 6C).
Give examples of hexose sugars.
Glucose, fructose, galactose.
Give examples of pentose sugars.
Ribose and deoxyribose.
What are reducing sugars?
Sugars that can donate electrons in a reduction reaction.
What are isomers?
Compounds with the same chemical formula but different atom arrangement → different properties.
Examples of glucose isomers?
α-glucose and β-glucose.
Compare glucose and ribose ring forms.
Glucose = 6-sided hexose ring, Ribose = 5-sided pentose ring.
Why is glucose versatile?
Provides energy, forms storage molecules (glycogen, starch), or structural molecules (cellulose).
How do plants and animals obtain glucose?
Plants = photosynthesis, Animals = consume plants/other organisms.