M6 - Reagents & Conditions
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Reduction of carbonyl Nucleophilic Addition Propanone –> propan-2ol Product: CH3CHOHCH3 What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Propanone reacts with: Aqueous Sodium borohydride NaBH4(aq) Heat Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Extending C chain of a carbonyl Nucleophilic Addition Propanal –> 2-hydroxybutanenitrile Product: CH3CH2CHOHCN What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Propanal reacts with: Sodium cyanide and sulfuric acid NaCN + H2SO4 Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Oxidation of aldehyde Propanal –> propanoic acid Products: CH3CH2COOH What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Propanal reacts with: Tollens’ AgNO3 dissolved in NH3 Silver mirror forms - shows it is an aldehyde Can also do this reaction using acidified dichromate Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Condensation of a carbonyl Propanal –> hydrazone preciptate Product: orange precipitate What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Propanal reacts with: 2,4-DNPH You don’t need to know the formula of this chemical! Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Acid hydrolysis of a nitrile Propanenitrile –> propanoic acid Products: CH3CH2COOH + NH4+ What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Propanenitrile reacts with: Aqueous acid H+(aq) (e.g. Aqueous sulfuric acid) Heat Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Reduction of a nitrile Hydrogenation Propanenitrile –> propylamine Products: CH3CH2CH2NH2 What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Propanenitrile reacts with: hydrogen and nickel catalyst H2(g) + Ni(s) Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Base hydrolysis of an ester Methyl ethanoate -> methanol + sodium ethanoate Products: CH3OH + CH3COONa What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Methyl ethanoate reacts with: Aqueous alkali NaOH(aq) Heat Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Base hydrolysis of an amide N-Methyl ethanamide -> methylamine + sodium ethanoate Products: CH3NH2 + CH3COONa What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
N-Methyl ethanamide reacts with: Aqueous alkali NaOH(aq) Heat Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Acid hydrolysis of an amide N-Methyl ethanamide -> methylammonium + ethanoic acid Products: CH3NH3+ + CH3COOH What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
N-Methyl ethanamide reacts with: Aqueous acid H+(aq) Heat Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Acid hydrolysis of an ester Methyl ethanoate -> methanol + sodium ethanoate Products: CH3OH + CH3COONH What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Methyl ethanoate reacts with: Aqueous acid H+(aq) Heat Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Esterification/condensation of an alcohol Ethanol –> ethyl ethanoate Products: CH3COOCH2CH3 + HCl What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Ethanol reacts with: Ethanoyl chloride CH3COCl Heat Anhydrous conditions Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Esterification/condensation of phenol phenol –> phenyl ethanoate Products: CH3COOC6H5 + HCl What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Phenol reacts with: Ethanoyl chloride CH3COCl Heat Anhydrous conditions Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Esterification of an alcohol Methanol –> methyl ethanoate Products: CH3COOCH3 + CH3COOH What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Methanol reacts with: Ethanoic anhydride (CH3CO)2O Anhydrous Conditions Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Esterification of phenol Phenol –> phenyl ethanoate Products: CH3COOC6H5 + CH3COOH What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Phenol reacts with: Ethanoic anhydride (CH3CO)2O Anhydrous Conditions Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Nulceophilic substitution of amine Methylamine –> N-methylethylamine Products: CH3NHCH2CH3 + HC; What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Methylamine reacts with: 1-chloroethane CH3CH2Cl Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Halogenation of Benzene Electrophilic Substitution Benzene–> 1-bromobenzene Products: C6H5Br + HBr What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Benzene reacts with: Bromine and a halogen carrier catalyst Br2 + AlBr3 Could also use Fe or FeBr3 Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Halogenation of Phenol Electrophilic Substitution Phenol -> 2,4,6-tribromophenol Phenol is a 2,4-director Products: 3HBr + What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Phenol reacts with: Bromine water Br2 no catalyst needed as phenol is more reactive! (electron donating) Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Acylation of Benzene Electrophilic Substitution Benzene–> Phenylethanone Products: C6H5COCH3 + HCl What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Benzene reacts with: Ethanoyl chloride and a halogen carrier catalyst CH3COCl + AlCl3 Could also use Fe or FeCl3 Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Alkylation of Benzene Electrophilic Substitution Benzene–> Methylbenzene Products: C6H5CH3 + HCl What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Benzene reacts with: chloromethane and a halogen carrier catalyst CH3Cl + AlCl3 Could also use Fe or FeCl3 Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Nitration of Benzene Electrophilic Substitution Benzene–> Nitrobenzene Products: C6H5NO2 + H2O What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Benzene reacts with: conc. nitric acid and conc. sulfuric acid catalyst HNO3 + H2SO4 High concentration 50oC Heat under reflux Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Nitration of Phenol Electrophilic Substitution phenol –> 2-Nitrophenol OR 4-nitrophenol OH is a 2,4-director Products: H2O + What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Phenol reacts with: nitric acid HNO3 no catalyst needed as phenol is more reactive! (electron donating) Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Reduction of Nitrobenzene Nitrobenzene–> Phenylamine Products: C6H5NH2 + 2H2O What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Nitrobenzene reacts with: Tin and conc hydrochloric acid Sn + HCl Heat Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Nitration of Nitrobenzene Electrophilic Substitution Nitrobenzene–> 1,3-diNitrobenzene Nitro is a 3-director Products: H2O + What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Nitrobenzene reacts with: conc. nitric acid and conc. sulfuric acid catalyst HNO3 + H2SO4 High concentration 100oC Heat under reflux Needs a higher temp as nitrobenzene is less reactive! (electron withdrawing group) Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced
Neutralisation of Phenol Phenol –> Sodium phenoxide Products: C6H5ONa + H2O What are the reagents and conditions needed here? Can you NAME and give the FORMULA for the reagents?
Phenol reacts with: Sodium hydroxide NaOH Note - phenol is too weak an acid so won’t react with carbonates! Can you remember the: - Name of the reaction/mechanism - Which homologous series/FG is reacting - Product produced