Quiz 2

a branch on an evolutionary tree

The study of creating evolutionary trees

Time: 1707-1778 given credit for creating the modern system of scientific nomenclature

-Two-part name called binomial -The first part: genus, describes the group to which the organism belongs, always capitalized (first letter) -Second part: species Species epithet - applies to a single species within the genus

the science of classifying and naming organisms

generalized name for any taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy

• any group of closely related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring (prokaryotes don’t fit into this definition) • The basic unit of taxonomy (and evolution)

Members of the same species separated geographically into smaller groups are called populations

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Time - 1969 proposed a 5 kingdom system to distinguish organisms

Time - 1970 hypothesized that prokaryotes fall into DOMAIN Bacteria or Archaea, and eukaryotes fall into Domain Eukarya (3 domain system widely accepted today)

Extinct refers to a species that is no longer alive, extant means still alive

Tips - represent different taxa (often species) Nodes - represent a speciation event from the common ancestor that gave rise to those taxa

Two descendants from the same node are called sister taxa

the branching pattern of the tree, represents the estimated evolutionary relationship among species

the physical appearance of organisms

ex: wings of a butterfly and wings of a bird both allow for flight, but the evolutionary origins are very different, case in point, the similar environment causes a need for the function/structure

Features that look and function similarly but come from different evolutionary origins

• Characteristics that appear similar and result from common ancestry are termed homologous, Ex. All vertebrate animals have a vertebral column • Accurate phylogeny and classification system is based on these structures

group of organisms which you wish to estimate the evolutionary relationship of vs related to the others, but is assumed to have diverged from the rest earlier in the group’s evo history

hair, blue hair vs red hair

shared derived traits