Topic 9 - Chemistry of the Atmosphere
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Phase 1 - Volcanoes?
• first billion years of earths history - covered in volcanoes - erupted and released lots of gases - how early atmosphere was made • released nitrogen - built up atmopshere over time, as well as water vapour - small amounts of ammonia/methane
Phase 2? Oceans, algae and green plants
• water vapour in atmosphere condensed - formed oceans • lots of CO2 removed from early atmosphere- dissolved in oceans • green plants and algae evolved - absorbed some of the CO2 for photosynthesis • later marine animals evolved - shells and skeletons contained carbonates from oceans
Phase 3? Green plants and algae produce oxygen
• green plants and algae produced oxygen by photosynthesis • as oxygen levels built up in atmospshere over time - more compelx life evolved
How was carbon dioxide produced in the Earth’s early atmosphere?
• volcanoes released large amounts of carbon dioxide • carbon in magma and volcanic gases reacted with oxygen to form CO₂
What are crude oil, coal and limestone made up of?
• crude oil and natural gas formed from deposits of plankton • coal is a sedimentary rock - made from thick plant deposits • limestone also sedimentary rock - made of calcium carbonate deposits from shells + skeletons of marine organisms
Consequences of climate change?
• polar ice caps melting • rise in sea levels -changes to rainfall patterns
Ways of reducing carbon footprints?
• renewable energy sources or nuclear energy used instead of fossil fuels • government could tax companies or individuals based on amount of GHG they emit • government could put cap on emissions of all GHGs companies make
Reasons why making reductions is difficult?
• governments worried that making changes will impact economic growth • still a lot of work to be done on alternative tech that result in lower CO2 emissions
Under what conditions do particulates and carbon monoxide form?
• incomplete combustion • solid particles called particulates of soot and unb unburnt fuel are released • carbon monoxide can also be produced
What problems do particulates in the air cause?
• if inhaled - stuck in lungs and cause damage - respiratory problems • bad for environment - reflect sunlight back into space - less light reaches earth - global dimming
How is carbon monoxide dangerous?
• stops blood from carrying oxygen around body • binds to haemoglobin in blood so less oxygen able to be transported around body • can result in death
How is sulfur dioxide released?
• released during combustion of fossil fuels that contain sulfur impurities • sulfur in fuel becomes oxidised
How are nitrous oxides created?
created from reaction between nitrogen and oxygen in air caused by heat of burning
What happens when nitrous oxides and sulfur dioxides mix with clouds?
• form dilute sulfuric acid or dilute nitric acid • falls as acid rain • acid rain kills plants and damages buildings - makes metal corrode