Developing Metals
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What are transition metals?
d-block elements that form 1 or more stable ions with incompletely filled d-orbitals
What are the 2 main reasons why d-block elements have many features in common?
Have essentially the same outer electronic arrangement - nearly all have 4s2 Unlike other elemental groups don’t differ by complete electronic group but only by 1 more e- in incomplete inner 3d sub-shell
What is the convention for writing out the order of electronic sub-shells?
Principle electron shells kept together Means [Ar]3s23p63d104s2 even though 4s filled before 3d (as is at a lower energy level)
What is the electronic configuration of an Iron(II) ion?
[Ar]3s23p63d6
What is the electronic configuration of an Iron(III) ion?
[Ar]3s23p63d5
What is the electronic configuaration of a Copper(I) ion?
[Ar]3s23p63d10
What is the electronic configuration of a Copper(II) ion?
[Ar]3s23p63d9
What colour is an aqueous Iron(II) ion?
Green
What colour is an aqueous Iron(III) ion?
Orange/Brown
What colour is an aqueous Copper(I) ion?
N/A Doesn’t form aquesous ions (Due to disproportionation reaction - Cu + Cu2+ always formed instead)
What colour is an aqueous Copper(II) ion?
Blue
Why do Cr and Cu have odd electronic configurations?
In the ground state, e- are arranged to give the lowest total energy In period 4, the energies of 3d + 4s orbials are very close together therefore causing odd configuartions
What is the electronic configuration of Cr and why is this?
[Ar]3s23p63d54s1 NOT 3d44s2 1e- in each 3d orbital + the 4s orbital
What is the electronic configuration of Cu and why is this?
[Ar]3s23p63d104s1 NOT 3d94s2 2e- in 4s would be higher energy than filling 3d subshell
What test can be used to identify Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ ions in solution and why?
Using NaOH(aq) as they all form precipitates
What is formed when NaOH(aq) is added to an Fe2+ solution? Give the equation and colour of the precipitate
Iron(II) hydroxide - green precipitate Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Fe(OH)2(s)
What is formed when NaOH(aq) is added to an Fe3+ solution? Give the equation and colour of the precipitate
Iron(III) hydroxide - brown precipitate Fe3+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Fe(OH)2(s)
What is formed when NaOH(aq) is added to an Cu2+ solution? Give the equation and colour of the precipitate
Copper(II) hydroxide - pale blue precipitate Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Fe(OH)2(s)
What reactions occur is ammonia is added to aqueous Fe2+, Fe3+, or Cu2+ ions? Why?
The same reactions as when NaOH(aq) added - hydroxide precipitates formed Because ammonia is also a source of OH- ions
What reaction occurs when excess ammonia is added to precipitate of Cu(OH)2?
Pale blue Cu(OH)2 precipitate dissolves to form deep blue solution of copper ammonia complex [Cu(NH3)(H2O)2]2+(aq)
How is the reaction of Cu2+ with excess ammonia different to those of Fe2+ and Fe3+?
Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 don’t form complexes with ammonia
What is a complex?
A central metal atom surrounded by negative ions/neutral molecules posessing a long pair (ligands)
What is a ligand?
A negatively charged/neutral molecular with a lone pair of electrons, surrounding a transition metal/ion. Attached to metal by dative covalent bonds
Define co-ordination number
The number of bonds from the central metal atom/ion (in a compex) to ligands. NOT necessarily the number of ligands! (e.g. is bi/polydentate)