Functional Groups
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What is a functional group?
A functional group (FG) is a specific atom or group of atoms with characteristic chemical & physical properties
What usually occurs at a functional group site?
A FG is usually the site of chemical reactivity in an organic molecule
What does a functional group determine? 4
A molecule’s geometry Physical properties Chemical properties Biological reactivity
What is a functional group bonded to?
A carbon backbone or skeleton
Why do alkanes not represent a functional group?
Because their bonds are strong, nonpolar and not readily broken, i.e. it is because alkanes are relatively unreactive molecules
What is a heteroatom?
Any atom other than C and H in organic chemistry
What is the functional group of alkenes?
The C=C double bond
What ending is associated with a double bond?
ene
What is the functional group of alkynes?
The C-C triple bond
What ending is associated with a C-C triple bond?
yne
What is the functional group of haloalkanes?
The halogen represented by X
What prefix is associated with a halogen?
halo
What is the functional group of alcohols?
OH connected to an alkyl group ROH
What ending is associated with an OH group?
ol
What is the functional group of ethers?
O connected to two alkyl groups ROR’
What naming is associated with an O group?
oxy - ane
What is the functional group of an aldehyde?
Central carbon double bonded to an oxygen, single bond with a hydrogen and an alkyl group RCHO
What ending is associated with aldehydes?
al
What is the functional group of a ketone?
Central carbon double bonded to an oxygen, with two single bonds to two alkyl groups RCOR’
What is the ending associated with ketones?
one
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
Central carbon double bonded to oxygen, single bond with an OH group, single bond with an alkyl group RCOOH
What is the ending associated with carboxylic acids?
oic acid
What is the functional group of esters?
Central carbon double bonded to an oxygen, single bond to an alkyl group, single bond to an OR group RCOOR’
What is the ending associated with esters?
yl oate