module 2

• glucose = stored in plants, most abundant in our diet & bodies • galactose = does not occur alone in foods (glucose + galactose) • fructose = sweetest natural sugar, found in fruits

• maltose = glucose + glucose / not common in food sources • sucrose = glucose + fructose / white & brown sugar, honey, maple syrup • lactose = glucose + galactose / milk sugar

• cannot be digested by the body • digested in large in large intestine • gas producing

• starch = highly undigestible, amylose straight chain • glycogen = storage of energy from glucose (stored in muscle & liver) • fiber = highly undigestible, adds bulk to stool

• occurs in small intestine

• enzyme produced in pancreas & secreted into small intestine • digests remaining starch to maltose

• glucose that is stored in muscles or liver • fructose & galactose are converted to glucose in the liver • liver glycogen = maintains blood glucose & supports brain, spinal cord & RBC • muscle glycogen = provides energy to muscles during exercise

• released from pancreas to REDUCE blood glucose levels • increases after a meal • stimulates glucose transporters • stimulates liver & muscle to take up glucose & store it as glycogen (glycogenesis)

• released from pancreas to INCREASE blood glucose levels • stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose • assists in breakdown of body proteins for gluconeogenesis (production of glucose from amino acids)

• secreted by adrenal gland & nerve endings when blood glucose is low • increases glycogen breakdown in liver • increases gluconeogenesis • fight or flight

• alternative fuel source for the brain • breakdown of stored fat during fasting, low carb intake, or vigorous exercise forms ketones • excess ketones = increase blood acidity & cause ketoacidosis • sufficient energy from carbs prevents ketone production

• occurs when diet doesn’t provide enough carbs • body makes its own glucose from breakdown of body proteins • can cause damage to organs

• nutrients that were lost during processing have been added back (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron)

• nutrients are added that did not originally exist in the food (folic acid)

• inability to regulate blood glucose levels • type 1 = body does not produce enough insulin, causes HYPERGLYCEMIA, requires insulin injections, may be autoimmune • type 2 = insulin insensitivity (resistance), adult-onset, high blood insulin

• low blood glucose • causes shakiness, sweating, anxiety, weakness • reactive = pancreas secretes too much insulin after high carb meal • fasting = pancreas produces too much insulin

• produced in intestine to transport lipids from a meal

• linoleic (omega-6) • alpha linoleic (omega 3)

• blood to coronary arteries of the heart are blocked or restricted • can cause hypertension (high blood pressure) >140/90 mmHg

• building blocks of proteins • 9 essential amino acids

• segment of DNA that serves as template for synthesis (expression) of particular protein

• transcription = occurs in nucleus, DNA code for making protein is copied onto mRNA • translation = occurs in cytoplasm, code on mRNA is translated into specific order to make a protein / *tRNA delivers specific AA for required protein to ribosome

• liver and kidneys excrete nitrogen from high protein intake

• protein deficit • swollen belly: edema-fluid & electrolyte imbalance, fat accumulation in liver • weight loss, retention of some fat stores • stunted growth & developent