Earth science mid term part 2

• Emission spectrum is the pattern of light an element gives off when heated, black background with rainbow lines. • Absorption spectrum is the pattern of light an element absorbs when white light passes through it, rainbow background with dark lines missing.

*Origin of the universe can be explained through the big bang theory (13.8 billion years ago a very hot, dense point exploded and expanded and is still expanding).

• Cosmic radiation background is the evidence for this as microwave radiation is spread around the universe coming from all different directions.

• Doppler effect is a shift in light/sound waves as the source moves away or toward the observer. (Red shift is when waves are spread and moving away, blue shift is waves that compressed and moving toward the observer).

• Nucleosynthesis is the process by which new elements are created in stars (lighter elements combine to form heavy elements).

• Sunspots are areas on the sun that appear dark because they are cooler than other parts of the sun. (they follow an 11-year cycle) • They form in areas where magnetic fields are strong and keep heat within the sun from reaching the surface. • More sunspots make a slightly warmer earth; less sunspots mean a slightly colder earth.

planets move around the sun in a elliptical orbit, eccentricity is how flat an ellipse is, the higher the eccentricity the more elliptical a planet is, while when at zero the more circular it is.

(planets move faster when closer to the sun and slower when farther away because of gravity).

(planets farther from the sun take longer to complete one orbit than planets closer in).

Geocentric models place Earth at the center, with all celestial bodies orbiting it. Heliocentric models place the Sun at the center, with Earth and other planets revolving around it.