A1 - skeletal system

• box like cavity (space) • interlinking bones (these are not fused when born) • contains and protects the brain

• 12 pairs of ribs (forming the ‘thoracic cage’) • first 7 are attached to the sternum • bottom 5 are not attached to the sternum

• 8 small bones that make up the wrist • arranged in 2 rows of 4 • held in place by ligaments

• 5 long bones in the palm of the hand (one corresponding to each finger)

• made up of 2 hip bones • each hip bones has 3 sections (illium, ischium and pubis) • these fuse together during puberty

• longest and strongest bone in the body

• made up of 5 different sections • cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

• short bones • irregular bones • long bones • flat bones • seasamoid bones

• bones found in the limbs • used in movement • they have two distinct parts ( diaphysis and epiphysis ) • femur, clavical, carpals, metatarsals

• small, light, strong and cube shaped • they are a ‘cancellous bone’ = light and porous bone material that has a honeycomb or spongy appearance • used for weight bearing • tarsals and carpals

• used for protection • thin, flattened and slightly curved bones • large surface area • sternum, scapulae and cranium

• complex shapes (that fit into no other bone categories) • vertebrae • used for protection and movement

• these have a specialised function (usually found within a tendon) • these provide a ‘smooth’ surface for the tendon to slide over • used to reduce friction and protect inner parts of a joint • patella

• consists of the bones attached to the axial skeleton • there are 4 main sections of the appendicular skeleton (upper limbs, lower limbs, shoulder girdle and pelvis girdle)

Axial skeleton - 80 bones forming the ‘long’ axis of the body (middle-midriff-spine-main bit) Appendicular skeleton - 126 bones forming the bones attached to the axial skeleton (extremities/appendages-arms-legs)

• consists of 60 bones (30 in each arm) • humerus-radius-ulna-carpels-metacarpals-phalanges

• consists of 60 bones (30 in each leg) • femur-patella-tibia-fibula-tarsals-metatarsals-phalanges

• consists of 4 bones • clavical-scapula-ribs-humerus

• consists of 3 bones • illium, ischium and pubis • vertebrae-femur-coccyx

The axial skeleton (main core) of the body consists of … - the skull (including cranium and facial bones) - the thoracic cage (sternum and facial bones) - the vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)

• between each vertebrae is an ‘inter vertebral disc’ and they act as shock absorbers, spongy tissue material • main roles are to protect the spinal cord and support the rib-cage • made of 33 irregular bones called vertebrae • the vertebral column accounts for around 40% of a persons height • the vertebrae held together by powerful ligaments, theses allow a little movement between the vertebrae, but a considerable amount of flexibility along the spine

• cervical vertebrae (7) • thoracic vertebrae (12) • lumbar vertebrae (5) • sacral vertebrae (fused 5) • coccygeal vertebrae (fused 4)

• 7 vertebrae of the neck (C1 known as the ‘atlas’ and C2 known as the ‘axis’ • theses form a pivot joint that allows the head and neck to move freely • these are the most vulnerable vertebrae of the column

• the ‘mid spine’ made of 12 vertebrae • these articulate (connect) with the ribs • they lie in the ‘thorax’ a dome shaped structure that protects the heart and lungs