biology yr 10 genetics
No description yet. This curated deck is ready for daily study.
Card preview (24)
Alternate forms of genes
What are alleles? Alleles represent different variations of a gene that can exist at a specific locus.
The allele that gets expressed even in heterozygous condition
Define dominant Dominant alleles mask the effect of recessive alleles in a heterozygous genotype.
Study of genes and inheritance
What is the study of genetics? Genetics explores how traits and characteristics are passed from parents to offspring.
having two different alleles for a gene. Easy way to remember: Hetero = different 👍 Example: Aa = \s (one dominant allele and one recessive allele) So the alleles are not the same.
Define heterozygous A heterozygous organism has two different alleles for a particular gene.
means having two of the same alleles for a gene.
What does homozygous mean? A homozygous organism has two identical alleles for a specific gene.
is when neither allele is fully dominant, so the offspring shows a blended or mixed trait. Easy way to remember: \ = “in-between” trait 👍 Example: A red flower + a white flower → pink flower
What is incomplete dominance Incomplete dominance results in a phenotype that is a blend of the two parental traits.
a picture or display of all the chromosomes in a cell, arranged in pairs by size and shape.
Define **karyotype* A karyotype is used to examine chromosomal abnormalities and the number of chromosomes.
cross between two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait
What is a monohybrid cross? Example: The cross between two monohybrid traits (TT and tt) results in offspring with a 1:2:1 genotype ratio.
he allele that can be expressed only when homozygous
Define recessive. Recessive alleles are masked by dominant alleles in heterozygous conditions.
Genes present on the sex chromosome, hence, inheritance pattern linked with them
What is sex linkage? Sex-linked traits often exhibit different patterns of inheritance in males and females.
a fundamental process of cell division where a single eukaryotic cell replicates its chromosomes and splits to produce two genetically identical daughter cells
mitosis
a specialized form of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four genetically distinct haploid gametes (sperm or egg cells) from a single diploid germ cell.
mieosis
Mitosis produces two identical body cells for growth and repair, maintaining chromosome number. Meiosis produces four genetically different sex cells with half the chromosomes, enabling reproduction and increasing genetic variation.
diffrence between mitosis and mieosis
the fundamental building block of nucleic acids, specifically DNA and RNA
nucleotide
a thread-like structure located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells, made of protein and a single molecule of DNA
chromosome
one of the two identical, thread-like halves of a replicated chromosome, joined together at a region called the centromere
chromatid
a specialized, constricted region of a chromosome that serves as the attachment point for spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis.
centromere
an organism’s reproductive cells—sperm in males and ova (eggs) in females—that unite during sexual reproduction to form a new individual
gamete
the state of a cell or organism having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
haploid
contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent
diploid
pairs of matching chromosomes in diploid organisms—one inherited from each parent—that contain the same genes in the same order
homologous chromosome
a set of tiny fibres that pull chromosomes apart during cell division.
spindle
is the very first cell formed when a sperm cell and an egg cell join together during fertilisation.
zygote
a biological process where a single parent produces offspring without the fusion of gametes (sex cells) or fertilization.
asexual reproduction